welcome
 |
Sunday, April 3, 2011
Wednesday, March 16, 2011
MANAGEMENT
DEFINITION OF MANAGEMENT
Management can be defined as a field of study as a team or class of people, and as a process. Management as a field of study about management principles, techniques, functions, and problems. This approach, however, fails to give the correct nature of management. Management as a team includes individuals who perform the managerial activities in the organisation, and the actions performed by them come under managerial activities. However who are the managers and what are these activities that should be treated as managerial activities are hard to identify unless some yard sticks are prescribe.. This becomes more difficult specially when those performing managerial roles bear different titles in the organisations. Much of those problems can be solved if management is defined as process. That is why most of the authors take management process while defining it.
There are two ways of identifying managerial activities- inductive and deductive.
MANAGEMENT PROCESS
It is easier to understand something a complex as management when it is described as a series of seperate, parts or functions, that make up a whole process.. Descriptions of this kind, known as models, have been used by students and practitioners world used to convey complex relationships in easy- to-understand terms. In fact, we used a model without identifying it as such-when we said earlier that the major management activated were Planning, Organising, Staffing, Leading and Controlling.
MANAGEMENT LEVELS
The Management functions are universal which suggests that the manager at all levels have to perform all the functions of Planning, Organising, Staffing, Directing and Controlling. This is, in a broad sense, true, but the emphasis varies on a particular functions with the change of management level. For example, a top level manager is involved more in policy formulation rather than the control functions and supervisors may put more emphasis on control. These difference in the emphasis of various functions at different levels require different characteristics and qualities in managers.
TOP MANAGEMENT
Top Management in an organisation consists of shareholders, board directors, and the chief executive. The chief executive may be called by various names- Managing Director, Director-General, President, Chief Executive, Officer, etc. Top Management is responsible for overall management of the organisation and performs all such functions necessary for this. These functions may be classified into three parts. They are Overall Management, Overall Operations and Overall Relationship.
MIDDLE MANAGEMENT
This groups comes between Top Management and supervisory Management. According to Niles, Middle Managers have pressures from three corners: (i) Top Management forces them to act i.e., accordance with its policies, direction, and guidance. (ii) Lower Management puts pressure over them for accepting and accommodating its ideas and vies. (iii) Middle Managers themselves are interrelated and they expect greater co-operation and working facilities. These managers have to function in these pressures. Three is little uniformity in middle managers because of their own levels in various organisations. Thus, a small organisation may not have middle management group, but a large one has several levels of middle managers. This suggests that as an organisations grows, most new levels are added among middle management. However, a generalisation can be achieved in various functions of this group.
SUPERVISORY MANAGEMENT
Supervision is often limped conventiontly in with all other levels in managerial hierarchy and discussed as part of leadership. In fact, the term supervisions traditionally used to refer to the activity dealing with instructing, guiding, and inspiring human begins toward greater levels of performance. From this term here to denote the specific level of management in an organisation. This level is referred to as supervisors, the first level managers in the organisation. The term supervisor includes types of foreman and junior executives below middle management level.
PRODUCTION ANALYSIS
Production function may be defined as the functional relationship between physical input(i.e., factors of production) and physical outputs(i.e., Quantity of goods produced). As stigler puts it the production function is the name given to the relationship between the rates of input of productive services and the rate of output of product. it is the economists summary of technological knowledge.
The production function can also be expressed in the form of a mathematical equation in which output is the dependent variable and inputs are independent variables. In general terms, this relationship can be also stated as:
P=f(a,b,c..............n)Where P is the rate of output of a given commercially and a.b.c...n are the various factor used per unit.
PROFITABILITY
The term 'Profit' is being used is several sense. According to Prof. Knight, "Perhaps no term or concept in economic discussion is used with a more bewildering variety of well established meaning than profit".In ordinary language profit is the surplus of income over expenses of production accuring to a businessman. It is the amount left with him after he has made payments for all factors services used by him in the process of production.
THEORIES OF PROFIT
Theories of profit explain why profit is paid and how profits get determined. There are some important theories of profit. They are:
1. The Rent Theory of Profit
2. The wages Theory of Profit
3. The Managerial Productivity Theory of Profit
4. The Innovation Theory of Profit
5. The Dynamic Theory of Profit
6. The Risk Theory of Profit
7. The Uncertainly-Bearing Theory of Profit
Management can be defined as a field of study as a team or class of people, and as a process. Management as a field of study about management principles, techniques, functions, and problems. This approach, however, fails to give the correct nature of management. Management as a team includes individuals who perform the managerial activities in the organisation, and the actions performed by them come under managerial activities. However who are the managers and what are these activities that should be treated as managerial activities are hard to identify unless some yard sticks are prescribe.. This becomes more difficult specially when those performing managerial roles bear different titles in the organisations. Much of those problems can be solved if management is defined as process. That is why most of the authors take management process while defining it.
There are two ways of identifying managerial activities- inductive and deductive.
MANAGEMENT PROCESS
It is easier to understand something a complex as management when it is described as a series of seperate, parts or functions, that make up a whole process.. Descriptions of this kind, known as models, have been used by students and practitioners world used to convey complex relationships in easy- to-understand terms. In fact, we used a model without identifying it as such-when we said earlier that the major management activated were Planning, Organising, Staffing, Leading and Controlling.
MANAGEMENT LEVELS
The Management functions are universal which suggests that the manager at all levels have to perform all the functions of Planning, Organising, Staffing, Directing and Controlling. This is, in a broad sense, true, but the emphasis varies on a particular functions with the change of management level. For example, a top level manager is involved more in policy formulation rather than the control functions and supervisors may put more emphasis on control. These difference in the emphasis of various functions at different levels require different characteristics and qualities in managers.
TOP MANAGEMENT
Top Management in an organisation consists of shareholders, board directors, and the chief executive. The chief executive may be called by various names- Managing Director, Director-General, President, Chief Executive, Officer, etc. Top Management is responsible for overall management of the organisation and performs all such functions necessary for this. These functions may be classified into three parts. They are Overall Management, Overall Operations and Overall Relationship.
MIDDLE MANAGEMENT
This groups comes between Top Management and supervisory Management. According to Niles, Middle Managers have pressures from three corners: (i) Top Management forces them to act i.e., accordance with its policies, direction, and guidance. (ii) Lower Management puts pressure over them for accepting and accommodating its ideas and vies. (iii) Middle Managers themselves are interrelated and they expect greater co-operation and working facilities. These managers have to function in these pressures. Three is little uniformity in middle managers because of their own levels in various organisations. Thus, a small organisation may not have middle management group, but a large one has several levels of middle managers. This suggests that as an organisations grows, most new levels are added among middle management. However, a generalisation can be achieved in various functions of this group.
SUPERVISORY MANAGEMENT
Supervision is often limped conventiontly in with all other levels in managerial hierarchy and discussed as part of leadership. In fact, the term supervisions traditionally used to refer to the activity dealing with instructing, guiding, and inspiring human begins toward greater levels of performance. From this term here to denote the specific level of management in an organisation. This level is referred to as supervisors, the first level managers in the organisation. The term supervisor includes types of foreman and junior executives below middle management level.
PRODUCTION ANALYSIS
Production function may be defined as the functional relationship between physical input(i.e., factors of production) and physical outputs(i.e., Quantity of goods produced). As stigler puts it the production function is the name given to the relationship between the rates of input of productive services and the rate of output of product. it is the economists summary of technological knowledge.
The production function can also be expressed in the form of a mathematical equation in which output is the dependent variable and inputs are independent variables. In general terms, this relationship can be also stated as:
P=f(a,b,c..............n)Where P is the rate of output of a given commercially and a.b.c...n are the various factor used per unit.
PROFITABILITY
The term 'Profit' is being used is several sense. According to Prof. Knight, "Perhaps no term or concept in economic discussion is used with a more bewildering variety of well established meaning than profit".In ordinary language profit is the surplus of income over expenses of production accuring to a businessman. It is the amount left with him after he has made payments for all factors services used by him in the process of production.
THEORIES OF PROFIT
Theories of profit explain why profit is paid and how profits get determined. There are some important theories of profit. They are:
1. The Rent Theory of Profit
2. The wages Theory of Profit
3. The Managerial Productivity Theory of Profit
4. The Innovation Theory of Profit
5. The Dynamic Theory of Profit
6. The Risk Theory of Profit
7. The Uncertainly-Bearing Theory of Profit
Saturday, January 22, 2011
Monday, January 17, 2011
HAPPY PONGAL
The Harvest Festival
Pongal - The Harvest Festival
Pongal is a harvest festival - the Tamil equivalent of Thanksgiving. In an agriculture based civilization the harvest plays an important part. The farmer cultivating his land depends on cattle, timely rain and the Sun. Once a year, he expresses his gratitude to these during the harvest festival. With the end of the wet month of Margazhi (mid December to mid January) the new Tamil month of Thai heralds a series of festivals. The first day of this month is a festival day known as "Pongal Day". Pongal means the "boiling over" of milk and rice during the month of Thai.
According to the calendar based on the solar system the year is divided into two halves following the apparent movement of the Sun northwards and Southwards. The farmer is termed Uttarayanam and the latter is Dakshinayanam. On the first day of the Thai, the Sun leaves the zodiac sign of Sagittarius and enters that of capricorn, the latter is known as Makaram. The event thus is celebrated as Pongal.
The four day celebration of Pongal Marks a period of plenty, peace and happiness. There is a Tamil saying that "Thai peranthal Vali Perakum". That paraphrased means with the dawn of the month of Thai, there will be peace, happiness, prosperity, brightness and harmony in the life of everyone. It is held to honor the Sun, for a bountiful harvest. Families gather to rejoice and share their joy and their harvests with others. The Sun is offered a "Pongal" of rice and milk.
Preparations for this festival start early and the first thing that is always found in Hindu homes before the start of Pongal is the 'kolam'. This is a form of decoration for the Hindus' homes. This decorative pattern is made with rice flour & is usually drawn on the floor outside the door. The kolams serve as a symbol of welcoming guests to the entrance of the house. At the center of the Kolam is a lump of cow-dung, which holds a five-petaled pumpkin flower-a symbol of fertility and an offering of love to the presiding deity.
The houses are cleaned and decorated to prepare for Pongal. For the festival, the Hindus buy new clothes and the ladies of the households would prepare sweetmeats. There is also a belief in the Hindus that the harvest festival will bring great wealth and goodness to their homes. All the four days of Pongal have their own significance as separate deities are worshiped each day.
The first day is celebrated as the Bhogi Pongal and is usually meant for domestic activities and of being together with the family members. This first day is celebrated in honor of Lord Indra, the supreme ruler of clouds that give rains. The second day is known as 'Pongal' the most important day of the entire festival, where prayers are offered to the Sun. On this day, the Sun is given great importance and hence the day is called Surya Pongal.
The third day is known as Mattu Pongal, the day of Pongal for cows. The cattle are washed, their horns are painted and covered with shining metal caps. Kanu Pongal, which falls on the same day as Maatu Pongal, is celebrated by sisters for the welfare of their brothers. This festival is reminiscent of Raksha Bandhan and Bhai Dooj of North India.
Pongal - The Harvest Festival
Pongal is a harvest festival - the Tamil equivalent of Thanksgiving. In an agriculture based civilization the harvest plays an important part. The farmer cultivating his land depends on cattle, timely rain and the Sun. Once a year, he expresses his gratitude to these during the harvest festival. With the end of the wet month of Margazhi (mid December to mid January) the new Tamil month of Thai heralds a series of festivals. The first day of this month is a festival day known as "Pongal Day". Pongal means the "boiling over" of milk and rice during the month of Thai.
According to the calendar based on the solar system the year is divided into two halves following the apparent movement of the Sun northwards and Southwards. The farmer is termed Uttarayanam and the latter is Dakshinayanam. On the first day of the Thai, the Sun leaves the zodiac sign of Sagittarius and enters that of capricorn, the latter is known as Makaram. The event thus is celebrated as Pongal.
The four day celebration of Pongal Marks a period of plenty, peace and happiness. There is a Tamil saying that "Thai peranthal Vali Perakum". That paraphrased means with the dawn of the month of Thai, there will be peace, happiness, prosperity, brightness and harmony in the life of everyone. It is held to honor the Sun, for a bountiful harvest. Families gather to rejoice and share their joy and their harvests with others. The Sun is offered a "Pongal" of rice and milk.
Preparations for this festival start early and the first thing that is always found in Hindu homes before the start of Pongal is the 'kolam'. This is a form of decoration for the Hindus' homes. This decorative pattern is made with rice flour & is usually drawn on the floor outside the door. The kolams serve as a symbol of welcoming guests to the entrance of the house. At the center of the Kolam is a lump of cow-dung, which holds a five-petaled pumpkin flower-a symbol of fertility and an offering of love to the presiding deity.
The houses are cleaned and decorated to prepare for Pongal. For the festival, the Hindus buy new clothes and the ladies of the households would prepare sweetmeats. There is also a belief in the Hindus that the harvest festival will bring great wealth and goodness to their homes. All the four days of Pongal have their own significance as separate deities are worshiped each day.
The first day is celebrated as the Bhogi Pongal and is usually meant for domestic activities and of being together with the family members. This first day is celebrated in honor of Lord Indra, the supreme ruler of clouds that give rains. The second day is known as 'Pongal' the most important day of the entire festival, where prayers are offered to the Sun. On this day, the Sun is given great importance and hence the day is called Surya Pongal.
The third day is known as Mattu Pongal, the day of Pongal for cows. The cattle are washed, their horns are painted and covered with shining metal caps. Kanu Pongal, which falls on the same day as Maatu Pongal, is celebrated by sisters for the welfare of their brothers. This festival is reminiscent of Raksha Bandhan and Bhai Dooj of North India.
Monday, November 15, 2010
Sunday, November 14, 2010
Subscribe to:
Posts (Atom)