PROGRAMME LABORARY- VALUES AND TECHNIQUES:
1.Psychodrama is a form of human development which explores, through dramatic action, the problems, issues, concerns, dreams and highest aspirations of people, groups, systems and organizations. It is mostly used as a group work method, in which each person in the group can become a therapeutic agent for each other in the group. It was developed by Jacob L. Moreno, psychodrama has strong elements of theater, often conducted on a stage where props can be used. The audience is fully involved with the dramatic action. Audience involvement is either through personal interest in the concerns of the leading actor, called the protagonist; or through playing some roles of the drama which helps the protagonist; or taking the form of some of the other elements of the drama, which can give voice to the rest of our wild universe; or through active engagement as an audience member. Psychodrama's core function is the raising of spontaneity in an adequate and functional manner. It is through the raising of spontaneity that a system, whether an internal human system or an organizational system, can begin to become creative, life filled and develop new solutions to old and tired problems or adequate solutions to new situations and concerns. A psychodrama is best conducted and produced by a person trained in the method or learning the method called a psychodrama director. There are many psychodrama training institutes in many countries around the world.
Benefits of Psycho Drama
In psychodrama, participants explore internal conflicts through acting out their emotions and interpersonal interactions on stage. A given psychodrama session (typically 90 minutes to 2 hours) focuses principally on a single participant, known as the protagonists. Protagonists examine their relationships by interacting with the other actors and the leader, known as the director. This is done using specific techniques, including doubling (psychodrama), role reversals, mirrors, soliloquy, and applied sociometry.
Psychodrama attempts to create an internal restructuring of dysfunctional mindsets with other people, and it challenges the participants to discover new answers to some situations and become more spontaneous and independent. There are over 10,000 practitioners internationally.
Although a primary application of psychodrama has traditionally been as a form of group psychotherapy, and psychodrama often gets defined as "a method of group psychotherapy," this does a disservice to the many other uses or functions of the method. More accurately psychodrama is defined as "a method of communication in which the communicator[s] expresses him/her/themselves in action." The psychodramatic method is an important source of the role-playing widely used in business and industry. Psychodrama offers a powerful approach to teaching and learning, as well as to training interrelationship skills. The action techniques of psychodrama also offer a means of discovering and communicating information concerning events and situations in which the communicator has been involved.
2. Street theatre is a form of theatrical performance and presentation in outdoor public spaces without a specific paying audience. These spaces can be anywhere, including shopping centres, car parks, recreational reserves and street corners. They are especially seen in outdoor spaces where there are large numbers of people. The actors who perform street theatre range from buskers to organised theatre companies or groups that want to experiment with performance spaces, or to promote their mainstream work. The logistics of doing street theatre necessitate simple costumes and props, and generally there is little or no amplification of sound, with actors depending on their natural vocal and physical ability. This issue with sound has meant that physical theatre, including dance, mime and slapstick, is a very popular genre in an outdoor setting. The performances need to be highly visible, loud and simple to follow in order to attract a crowd. Street theatre should be distinguished from other more formal outdoor theatrical performances, such as performances in a park or garden, where there is a discrete space set aside (or roped off) and a ticketed audience. In some cases, street theatre performers have to get a licence or specific permission through local or state governments, in order to perform. Street theatre is arguably the oldest form of theatre in existence: most mainstream entertainment mediums can be traced back to origins in street performing, including religious passion plays and many other forms. More recently performers who, a hundred years ago, would have made their living working in variety theatres, music halls and in vaudeville, now often perform professionally in the many well-known street performance areas throughout the world. One of the most interesting points about modern street theatre is its unique sociopolitical place. People who might not have ever been to, or been able to afford to go to, the "legitimate" theatre can watch a street show. By virtue of where the shows take place, their audience is made up of anyone and everyone who wants to watch. If an audience member can not afford it, then it is free.
3. Games:
Games are in integral part of all societies. Like work and relationships, they are an expression of some basic part of the human nature. Just as humans have an internal need to work, they have an internal need to play. Games are formalized expressions of play which allow people to go beyond immediate imagination and direct physical activity. Games also allow forms of play to be packaged and communicated to other people in a social group or geographically far away. The roots of the game can be traced across India, Arabia, and Japan over a period of more than 1,000 years. Games capture the ideas and behaviors of people at one period of time and carry that through time to their ancestors.
4. Singing is the act of producing musical sounds with the voice, which is often contrasted with regular speech. A person who sings is called a singer or vocalist. Singers perform music known as songs that can either be sung a cappella (without accompaniment) or accompanied by musicians and instruments ranging from a single instrumentalist to a full symphony orchestra or big band. Singing is often done in a group of other musicians, such as in a choir of singers with different voice ranges, or in an ensemble with instrumentalists, such as a rock group or baroque ensemble. Nearly anyone who can speak can sing, since in many respects singing is a form of sustained speech.
Singing can be informal and done for pleasure; for example, singing in the shower or karaoke; or it can be very formal, as in the case of singing during a religious ritual such as a Mass or professional singing performances done on stage or in a recording studio. Singing at a high amateur or professional level usually requires innate talent, instruction, and regular practice.[1] Professional singers usually build their careers around one specific musical genre, such as Classical or rock, they typically take voice training provided by a voice teacher or vocal coach throughout their career.
Singing when done with proper vocal technique is an integrated and coordinated act that effectively coordinates the physical processes of singing. There are four physical processes involved in producing vocal sound: respiration, phonation, resonation, and articulation. These processes occur in the following sequence:
• 1. Breath is taken
• 2. Sound is initiated in the larynx
• 3. The vocal resonators receive the sound and influence it
• 4. The articulators shape the sound into recognizable units
Although these four processes are often considered separately when studied, in actual practice they merge into one coordinated function. With an effective singer or speaker, one should rarely be reminded of the process involved as their mind and body are so coordinated that one only perceives the resulting unified function. Many vocal problems result from a lack of coordination within this process.[17]
Since singing is a coordinated act, it is difficult to discuss any of the individual technical areas and processes without relating them to the others. For example, phonation only comes into perspective when it is connected with respiration; the articulators affect resonance; the resonators affect the vocal folds; the vocal folds affect breath control; and so forth. Vocal problems are often a result of a breakdown in one part of this coordinated process which causes voice teachers to frequently focus in intensively on one area of the process with their student until that issue is resolved. However, some areas of the art of singing are so much the result of coordinated functions that it is hard to discuss them under a traditional heading like phonation, resonation, articulation, or respiration.
Once the voice student has become aware of the physical processes that make up the act of singing and of how those processes function, the student begins the task of trying to coordinate them. Inevitably, students and teachers, will become more concerned with one area of the technique than another. The various processes may progress at different rates, with a resulting imbalance or lack of coordination. The areas of vocal technique which seem to depend most strongly on the student's ability to coordinate various functions are:[7]
• 1. Extending the vocal range to its maximum potential
• 2. Developing consistent vocal production with a consistent tone quality
• 3. Developing flexibility and agility
• 4. Achieving a balanced vibrato
Developing the singing voice
Singing is a skill that requires highly developed muscle reflexes. Singing does not require much muscle strength but it does require a high degree of muscle coordination. Individuals can develop their voices further through the careful and systematic practice of both songs and vocal exercises. Vocal pedagogists instruct their students to exercise their voices in an intelligent manner. Singers should be thinking constantly about the kind of sound they are making and the kind of sensations they are feeling while they are singing.[17] Vocal exercises have several purposes, including[7] warming up the voice; extending the vocal range; "lining up" the voice horizontally and vertically; and acquiring vocal techniques such as legato, staccato, control of dynamics, rapid figurations, learning to sing wide intervals comfortably, singing trills, singing melismas and correcting vocal faults. An important goal of vocal development is to learn to sing to the natural limits of one's vocal range without any obvious or distracting changes of quality or technique. Vocal pedagogists teach that a singer can only achieve this goal when all of the physical processes involved in singing (such as laryngeal action, breath support, resonance adjustment, and articulatory movement) are effectively working together. Most vocal pedagogists believe in coordinating these processes by (1) establishing good vocal habits in the most comfortable tessitura of the voice, and then (2) slowly expanding the range.[3]
There are three factors that significantly affect the ability to sing higher or lower:
1. The energy factor — "energy" has several connotations. It refers to the total response of the body to the making of sound; to a dynamic relationship between the breathing-in muscles and the breathing-out muscles known as the breath support mechanism; to the amount of breath pressure delivered to the vocal folds and their resistance to that pressure; and to the dynamic level of the sound.
2. The space factor — "space" refers to the size of the inside of the mouth and the position of the palate and larynx. Generally speaking, a singer's mouth should be opened wider the higher he or she sings. The internal space or position of the soft palate and larynx can be widened by relaxing the throat. Vocal pedagogists describe this as feeling like the "beginning of a yawn".
3. The depth factor — "depth" has two connotations. It refers to the actual physical sensations of depth in the body and vocal mechanism, and to mental concepts of depth that are related to tone quality.
McKinney says, "These three factors can be expressed in three basic rules: (1) As you sing higher, you must use more energy; as you sing lower, you must use less. (2) As you sing higher, you must use more space; as you sing lower, you must use less. (3) As you sing higher, you must use more depth; as you sing lower, you must use less."[7]
The singing process functions best when certain physical conditions of the body exist. The ability to move air in and out of the body freely and to obtain the needed quantity of air can be seriously affected by the posture of the various parts of the breathing mechanism. A sunken chest position will limit the capacity of the lungs, and a tense abdominal wall will inhibit the downward travel of the diaphragm. Good posture allows the breathing mechanism to fulfill its basic function efficiently without any undue expenditure of energy. Good posture also makes it easier to initiate phonation and to tune the resonators as proper alignment prevents unnecessary tension in the body. Vocal pedagogists have also noted that when singers assume good posture it often provides them with a greater sense of self assurance and poise while performing. Audiences also tend to respond better to singers with good posture. Habitual good posture also ultimately improves the overall health of the body by enabling better blood circulation and preventing fatigue and stress on the body.[3]
There are eight components of the ideal singing posture:
1. Feet slightly apart
2. Knees bent
3. Hips rotated forward
4. Spine aligned
5. Abdomen flat
6. Chest comfortably raised
7. Shoulders down and back
8. Head straight ahead
5. Dance is a sport and art form that generally refers to movement of the body, usually rhythmic and to music,[1] used as a form of expression, social interaction or presented in a spiritual or performance setting. Dance may also to regarded as a form of nonverbal communication between humans, and is also performed by other animals (bee dance, patterns of behaviour such as a mating dance). Gymnastics, figure skating and synchronized swimming are sports dance disciplines, while martial arts kata are often compared to dances. Motion in inanimate objects may also be described as dances (the leaves danced in the wind), and certain musical forms or genres.
Definitions of what constitutes dance are dependent on social, cultural, aesthetic, artistic and moral constraints and range from functional movement (such as folk dance) to virtuoso techniques such as ballet. Dance can be participatory, social or performed for an audience. It can also be ceremonial, competitive or erotic. Dance movements may be without significance in themselves, such as in ballet or European folk dance, or have a gestural vocabulary/symbolic system as in many Asian dances. Dance can embody or express ideas, emotions or tell a story. Choreography is the art of creating dances. The person who creates (i.e., choreographs) a dance is known as the choreographer.
Dance has certainly been an important part of ceremony, rituals, celebrations and entertainment since before the birth of the earliest human civilizations. Archeology delivers traces of dance from prehistoric times such as the 9,000 year old Rock Shelters of Bhimbetka paintings in India and Egyptian tomb paintings depicting dancing figures from circa 3300 BC.
One of the earliest structured uses of dances may have been in the performance and in the telling of myths. It was also sometimes used to show feelings for one of the opposite gender. It is also linked to the origin of "love making." Before the production of written languages, dance was one of the methods of passing these stories down from generation to generation. [2]
Another early use of dance may have been as a precursor to ecstatic trance states in healing rituals. Dance is still used for this purpose by many cultures from the Brazilian rainforest to the Kalahari Desert. Dance categories by number of interacting dancers are mainly solo dance, partner dance and group dance. Dance is performed for various purposes like ceremonial dance, erotic dance, performance dance, social dance etc.
6. Drama is the specific mode of fiction represented in performance.[1] The term comes from a Greek word meaning "action. The enactment of drama in theatre, performed by actors on a stage before an audience, presupposes collaborative modes of production and a collective form of reception. The structure of dramatic texts, unlike other forms of literature, is directly influenced by this collaborative production and collective reception.[2] The early modern tragedy Hamlet (1601) by Shakespeare and the classical Athenian tragedy Oedipus the King (c. 429 BCE) by Sophocles are among the supreme masterpieces of the art of drama.[3]
The use of "drama" in the narrow sense to designate a specific type of play dates from the 19th century. Drama is often combined with music and dance: the drama in opera is sung throughout; musicals include spoken dialogue and songs; and some forms of drama have regular musical accompaniment (melodrama and Japanese Nō, for example).[7] In certain periods of history (the ancient Roman and modern Romantic) dramas have been written to be read rather than performed.[8] In improvisation, the drama does not pre-exist the moment of performance; performers devise a dramatic script spontaneously before an audience. Indian drama is traced back to certain dramatic episodes described in the Rigveda, which dates back to the 2nd millenium BC. Early examples include the Yama-Yami episode and other Rigvedic dialogue hymns. The dramas dealt with human concerns as well as the gods. The nature of the plays ranged from tragedy to light comedy.
Dramatists often worked on pre-existing mythological or historical themes that were familiar to the audience of the age. For instance, many plays drew their plot lines from the Ramayana and the Mahabharata, the great epics of India. Their stories have often been used for plots in Indian drama and this practice continues today.
Drama was patronized by the kings as well as village assemblies. Famous early playwrights include Bhasa, Kalidasa (famous for Vikrama and Urvashi, Malavika and Agnimitra, and The Recognition of Shakuntala), Śudraka (famous for The Little Clay Cart), Asvaghosa, Daṇḍin, and Emperor Harsha (famous for Nagananda, Ratnavali and Priyadarsika).
Forms of drama
Opera
Western opera is a dramatic art form, which arose during the Renaissance in an attempt to revive the classical Greek drama tradition in which both music and theatre were combined. Being strongly intertwined with western classical music, the opera has undergone enormous changes in the past four centuries and it is an important form of theatre until this day. Noteworthy is the huge influence of the German 19th century composer Richard Wagner on the opera tradition. In his view, there was no proper balance between music and theatre in the operas of his time, because the music seemed to be more important than the dramatic aspects in these works. To restore the connection with the traditional Greek drama, he entirely renewed the operatic format, and to emphasize the equal importance of music and drama in these new works, he called them "music dramas."
Pantomime
These stories follow in the tradition of fables and folk tales, usually there is a lesson learned, and with some help from the audience the hero/heroine saves the day. This kind of play uses stock characters seen in masque and again commedia del arte, these characters include the villain (doctore), the clown/servant(Arlechino/Harlequin/buttons), the lovers etc. These plays usually have an emphasis on moral dilemmas, and good always triumphs over evil, this kind of play is also very entertaining making it a very effective way of reaching many people.
[edit] Creative Drama
Creative Drama refers to dramatic activities and games used primarily in educational settings with children. Its roots in the United States began in the early 1900s. Winifred Ward is considered to be the founder of creative drama in education, establishing the first academic use of drama in Evanston, Illinois.
7. Puppetry is a form of theatre or performance which involves the manipulation of puppets. It is very ancient, and is believed to have originated 30,000 years BC.[1] Puppetry takes many forms but they all share the process of animating inanimate performing objects. Puppetry is used in almost all human societies both as an entertainment – in performance – and ceremonially in rituals and celebrations such as carnivals.[2]
Most puppetry involves storytelling. The impact of puppetry depends on the process of transformation of puppets, which has much in common with magic and with play. Thus puppetry can create complex and magical theatre with relatively small resources.
Puppetry is a very ancient art form, thought to have originated about 30,000 years ago [1]. Puppets have been used since the earliest times to animate and communicate the ideas and needs of human societies.[3] Some historians claim that they pre-date actors in theatre. There is evidence that they were used in Egypt as early as 2000 BC when string-operated figures of wood were manipulated to perform the action of kneading bread. Wire controlled, articulated puppets made of clay and ivory have also been found in Egyptian tombs. Hieroglyphs also describe "walking statues" being used in Ancient Egyptian religious dramas.[1] The oldest written record of puppetry can be found in the written records of Xenophon dating from around 422 BC.
India has a great tradition of puppetry. In the great Indian epic Mahabharata there are references to puppets. The Rajasthani Puppet from India is notable and there are many Indian ventriloquists and puppeteers. The first Indian ventriloquist, Professor Y.K. Padhye, introduced this form of puppetry to India in the 1920s and his son, Ramdas Padhye, subsequently popularised ventriloquism and puppetry.
Some advances in 20th century puppetry have originated in the United States. Marionette puppetry was combined with television as early as the 1940s, with Howdy Doody of the United States being a notable marionette in this field. Bil Baird worked on revitalising marionette theatre and puppetry in the United States. He and his wife, Cora Eisenberg had their own marionette theatre in New York. Edgar Bergen also made a major contribution.[31] In the 1960s Peter Schumann's Bread and Puppet Theater developed the political and artistic possibilities of puppet theatre in a distinctive, powerful and immediately recognizable way. At roughly the same time, Jim Henson was creating a type of soft, foam-rubber and cloth puppet which became known collectively as Muppets. Initially, through the children's television show Sesame Street, and later in The Muppet Show and on film, these inspired many imitators and are today are recognised almost everywhere. Wayland Flowers also made a major contribution to adult puppetry with his satirical puppet, Madame.
Puppetry developed throughout the twentieth century in a variety of ways. Supported by the parallel development of cinema, television and other filmed media it now reaches a larger audience than ever. Another development, starting at the beginning of the century, was the belief that puppet theatre, despite its popular and folk roots, could speak to adult audiences with an adult, and experimental voice, and reinvigorate the high art tradition of actors' theatre.[34]
Puppetry is now probably more familiar through television than live performance, but this still flourishes throughout the world. In the world of theatre, puppetry continues to be influential, and despite its 'outsider' status acts as an invigorating and rejuvenating influence on its mainstream relative, and feeds through object and physical theatre many of the most exciting developments in contemporary theatre
8. Role-playing refers to the changing of one's behavior to assume a role, either unconsciously to fill a social role, or consciously to act out an adopted role. While the Oxford English Dictionary defines roleplaying as "the changing of one's behavior to fulfill a social role",[1] the term is used more loosely in three senses:
• To refer to the playing of roles generally such as in a theater, or educational setting;
• To refer to a wide range of games including computer role-playing games, play-by-mail games and more;
• To refer specifically to role-playing games.[2]
The term role playing was originally coined in the 1920s by Jacob L. Moreno, a Viennese psychiatrist who surmised patients gained more from exploring their problems by acting them out than by talking about them.[3] Moreno first tested out his ideas by forming the Theatre of Spontaneity acting company in 1921 and two years later publishing his theories in a book of the same name.[4] When the practice became popular in business and educational institutions twenty years later the problem solving aspect shifted towards the learning of a professional role for later real life assumption.
After its inception into the realm of business, role playing has steadily flourished for over fifty years expanding into multiple areas of public and private life.[6]. Formal examples include: teaching (especially in the development of social skills, communication skills, and interpersonal skills), self-help groups, organizational management, leadership training, professional training, scientific research in the social sciences, and even sports. Less formal examples have also arisen including: role playing games for entertainment, and sexual roleplaying practices. Now in the 21st century, role playing as a form of personal entertainment may be overtaking in numbers the more formal practice of educational roleplay. In social science, roleplaying is historically a reference to Psychodrama and Sociodrama, and more recently to Drama Therapy, which were originally created as a methodology for studying role theory by the social sciences. The study of roleplaying was modeled after theater and includes many counterparts. To roleplay one enacts various motives, attitudes, and postures.[7] The protagonists are the participants who improvise their actions within a situation normally simulated about them. It is their life or abilities, their roles, that are being examined or tested. The auxiliary egos are anyone else who performs to place the protagonists within the situation. The audience is any onlooker who may provide feedback. The stage is wherever the practice is performed or perhaps fictionally set. The director is the expert who guides the exercise.
9. Brainstorming is a group creativity technique designed to generate a large number of ideas for the solution of a problem. In 1953 the method was popularized by Alex Faickney Osborn in a book called Applied Imagination. Osborn proposed that groups could double their creative output with brainstorming.[1]
Although brainstorming has become a popular group technique, researchers have not found evidence of its effectiveness for enhancing either quantity or quality of ideas generated. Because of such problems as distraction, social loafing, evaluation apprehension, and production blocking, brainstorming groups are little more effective than other types of groups, and they are actually less effective than individuals working independently.[2][3][4] In the Encyclopedia of Creativity, Tudor Rickards, in his entry on brainstorming, summarizes its controversies and indicates the dangers of conflating productivity in group work with quantity of ideas.[5]
Although traditional brainstorming does not increase the productivity of groups (as measured by the number of ideas generated), it may still provide benefits, such as boosting morale, enhancing work enjoyment, and improving team work. Thus, numerous attempts have been made to improve brainstorming or use more effective variations of the basic technique.
There are four basic rules in brainstorming.[1] These are intended to reduce social inhibitions among groups members, stimulate idea generation, and increase overall creativity of the group.
1. Focus on quantity: This rule is a means of enhancing divergent production, aiming to facilitate problem solving through the maxim, quantity breeds quality. The assumption is that the greater the number of ideas generated, the greater the chance of producing a radical and effective solution.
2. Withhold criticism: In brainstorming, criticism of ideas generated should be put 'on hold'. Instead, participants should focus on extending or adding to ideas, reserving criticism for a later 'critical stage' of the process. By suspending judgment, participants will feel free to generate unusual ideas.
3. Welcome unusual ideas: To get a good and long list of ideas, unusual ideas are welcomed. They can be generated by looking from new perspectives and suspending assumptions. These new ways of thinking may provide better solutions.
4. Combine and improve ideas: Good ideas may be combined to form a single better good idea, as suggested by the slogan "1+1=3". It is believed to stimulate the building of ideas by a process of association.
Method
Set the problem
Before a brainstorming session, it is critical to define the problem. The problem must be clear, not too big, and captured in a specific question such as "What service for mobile phones is not available now, but needed?". If the problem is too big, the facilitator should break it into smaller components, each with its own question.
Create a background memo
The background memo is the invitation and informational letter for the participants, containing the session name, problem, time, date, and place. The problem is described in the form of a question, and some example ideas are given.The memo is sent to the participants well in advance, so that they can think about the problem beforehand.
Select participants
The facilitator composes the brainstorming panel, consisting of the participants and an idea collector. A group of 10 or fewer members is generally more productive. Many variations are possible but the following composition is suggested.
• Several core members of the project who have proved themselves.
• Several guests from outside the project, with affinity to the problem.
• One idea collector who records the suggested ideas.
Create a list of lead questions
During the brainstorm session the creativity may decrease. At this moment, the facilitator should stimulate creativity by suggesting a lead question to answer, such as Can we combine these ideas? or How about looking from another perspective?. It is best to prepare a list of such leads before the session begins.
Session conduct
The facilitator leads the brainstorming session and ensures that ground rules are followed. The steps in a typical session are:
1. A warm-up session, to expose novice participants to the criticism-free environment. A simple problem is brainstormed, for example What should be the CEO retirement present? or What can be improved in Microsoft Windows?.
2. The facilitator presents the problem and gives a further explanation if needed.
3. The facilitator asks the brainstorming group for their ideas.
4. If no ideas are forthcoming, the facilitator suggests a lead to encourage creativity.
5. All participants present their ideas, and the idea collector records them.
6. To ensure clarity, participants may elaborate on their ideas.
7. When time is up, the facilitator organizes the ideas based on the topic goal and encourages discussion.
8. Ideas are categorized.
9. The whole list is reviewed to ensure that everyone understands the ideas.
10. Duplicate ideas and obviously infeasible solutions are removed.
11. The facilitator thanks all participants and gives each a token of appreciation.
Process of conducting a brainstorming session
The process
• Participants who have ideas but were unable to present them are encouraged to write down the ideas and present them later.
• The idea collector should number the ideas, so that the chairperson can use the number to encourage an idea generation goal, for example: We have 44 ideas now, let’s get it to 50!.
• The idea collector should repeat the idea in the words he or she has written verbatim, to confirm that it expresses the meaning intended by the originator.
• When more participants are having ideas, the one with the most associated idea should have priority. This to encourage elaboration on previous ideas.
• During a brainstorming session, managers and other superiors may be discouraged from attending, since it may inhibit and reduce the effect of the four basic rules, especially the generation of unusual ideas.
Evaluation
Brainstorming is not just about generating ideas for others to evaluate and select. Usually the group itself will, in its final stage, evaluate the ideas and select one as the solution to the problem proposed to the group.
• The solution should not require resources or skills the members of the group do not have or cannot acquire.
• If acquiring additional resources or skills is necessary, that needs to be the first part of the solution.
• There must be a way to measure progress and success.
• The steps to carry out the solution must be clear to all, and amenable to being assigned to the members so that each will have an important role.
• There must be a common decision making process to enable a coordinated effort to proceed, and to reassign tasks as the project unfolds.
• There should be evaluations at milestones to decide whether the group is on track toward a final solution.
• There should be incentives to participation so that participants maintain their efforts.
Variations
Nominal group technique
The nominal group technique is a type of brainstorming that encourages all participants to have an equal say in the process. It is also used to generate a ranked list of ideas.
Participants are asked to write their ideas anonymously. Then the moderator collects the ideas and each is voted on by the group. The vote can be as simple as a show of hands in favor of a given idea. This process is called distillation.
After distillation, the top ranked ideas may be sent back to the group or to subgroups for further brainstorming. For example, one group may work on the color required in a product. Another group may work on the size, and so forth. Each group will come back to the whole group for ranking the listed ideas. Sometimes ideas that were previously dropped may be brought forward again once the group has re-evaluated the ideas.
It is important that the facilitator be trained in this process before attempting to facilitate this technique. The group should be primed and encouraged to embrace the process. Like all team efforts, it may take a few practice sessions to train the team in the method before tackling the important ideas.
Group passing technique
Each person in a circular group writes down one idea, and then passes the piece of paper to the next person in a clockwise direction, who adds some thoughts. This continues until everybody gets his or her original piece of paper back. By this time, it is likely that the group will have extensively elaborated on each idea.
The group may also create an "Idea Book" and post a distribution list or routing slip to the front of the book. On the first page is a description of the problem. The first person to receive the book lists his or her ideas and then routes the book to the next person on the distribution list. The second person can log new ideas or add to the ideas of the previous person. This continues until the distribution list is exhausted. A follow-up "read out" meeting is then held to discuss the ideas logged in the book. This technique takes longer, but it allows individuals time to think deeply about the problem.
Team idea mapping method
This method of brainstorming works by the method of association. It may improve collaboration and increase the quantity of ideas, and is designed so that all attendees participate and no ideas are rejected.
The process begins with a well-defined topic. Each participant brainstorms individually, then all the ideas are merged onto one large idea map. During this consolidation phase, participants may discover a common understanding of the issues as they share the meanings behind their ideas. During this sharing, new ideas may arise by the association, and they are added to the map as well. Once all the ideas are captured, the group can prioritize and/or take action.
Electronic brainstorming
Electronic brainstorming is a computerized version of the manual brainwriting technique. It can be done via email and may be browser based, or use peer-to-peer software.
The facilitator sends the question out to group members, and they contribute independently by sending their ideas back to the facilitator. The facilitator then compiles a list of ideas and sends it back to the group for further feedback. Electronic brainstorming eliminates many of the problems of standard brainstorming, such as production blocking and evaluation apprehension. An additional advantage of this method is that all ideas can be archived electronically in their original form, and then retrieved later for further thought and discussion. Electronic brainstorming also enables much larger groups to brainstorm on a topic than would normally be productive in a traditional brainstorming session.
Other brainstorming techniques are web-based, and allow contributors to post their comments anonymously through the use of avatars. This technique also allows users to log on over an extended time period, typically one or two weeks, to allow participants some "soak time" before posting their ideas and feedback. This technique has been used particularly in the field of new product development, but can be applied in any number of areas where collecting and evaluating ideas would be useful. Professor Olivier Toubia of Columbia University has conducted extensive research in the field of idea generation and has concluded that incentives are extremely valuable within the brainstorming context.[6]
Directed brainstorming
Directed brainstorming is a variation of electronic brainstorming (described above). It can be done manually or with computers. Directed brainstorming works when the solution space (that is, the criteria for evaluating a good idea) is known prior to the session. If known, that criteria can be used to intentionally constrain the ideation process.
In directed brainstorming, each participant is given one sheet of paper (or electronic form) and told the brainstorming question. They are asked to produce one response and stop, then all of the papers (or forms) are randomly swapped among the participants. The participants are asked to look at the idea they received and to create a new idea that improves on that idea based on the initial criteria. The forms are then swapped again and respondents are asked to improve upon the ideas, and the process is repeated for three or more rounds.
In the laboratory, directed brainstorming has been found to almost triple the productivity of groups over electronic brainstorming.[7]
Individual brainstorming
"Individual Brainstorming" is the use of brainstorming on a solitary basis. It typically includes such techniques as free writing, free speaking, word association, and the "spider web," which is a visual note taking technique in which a people diagram their thoughts. Individual brainstorming is a useful method in creative writing and has been shown to be superior to traditional group brainstorming.[8]
Other variations
One of the problems can be to find the best questions to ask. This has been called questorming.[9] Another of the problems for brainstorming can be to find the best evaluation methods for a problem.
Conclusion
Brainstorming is a popular method of group interaction in both educational and business settings. Although it does not provide a measurable advantage in creative output, brainstorming is an enjoyable exercise that is typically well received by participants. Newer variations of brainstorming seek to overcome barriers like production blocking and may well prove superior to the original technique. How well these newer methods work, and whether or not they should be classified as brainstorming, are questions that require further research.
10. Sociodrama: It is Moreno's term for the application of psychodrama techniques to group, community, or organizational situations. It is a broad term that can probably be used to subsume all the other categories. The following definition is by Pat Sternberg of Hunter College: "Sociodrama concerns itself with group issues. It is a group action method in which participants act out an agreed upon social situation spontaneously and discover alternative ways of dealing with that problem. It concerns itself with those aspects of roles that we share with others and helps people to express their thoughts and feelings, solve problems, and clarify values. Unlike simple role playing, sociodrama employs many specific techniques to deepen and broaden the action of the enactment. Some of these are: doubling, soliloquy, and mirroring." Sociodrama is used with groups wishing to explore common issues in training, organizations, community, educational and political contexts. It uses many of the same techniques as psychodrama to enable individual and group learning and change. Whereas psychodrama focuses on an individual's personal concerns, sociodrama addresses the group's issue.
UNIT – III
SOCIOMETRY AND SOCIOGRAM:
Sociometry is a quantitative method for measuring social relationships. It was developed by psychotherapist Jacob L. Moreno in his studies of the relationship between social structures and psychological well-being. The term sociometry relates to its Latin etymology, socius meaning companion, and metrum meaning measure. Jacob Moreno defined sociometry as "the inquiry into the evolution and organization of groups and the position of individuals within them." He goes on to write "As the ...science of group organization, it attacks the problem not from the outer structure of the group, the group surface, but from the inner structure. "Sociometric explorations reveal the hidden structures that give a group its form: the alliances, the subgroups, the hidden beliefs, the forbidden agendas, the ideological agreements, the ‘stars’ of the show". He developed sociometry within the new sciences, although its ultimate purpose is transcendence and not science. 'By making choices based on criteria, overt and energetic, Moreno hoped that individuals would be more spontaneous, and organisations and groups structures would become fresh, clear and lively'.
SOCIOGRAM: a systematic method for graphically representing individuals as points/nodes and the relationships between them as lines/arcs.
Within sociology, sociometry has two main branches: research sociometry, and applied sociometry. Research sociometry is action research with groups exploring the socio-emotional networks of relationships using specified criteria e.g. Who in this group do you want to sit beside you at work? Who in the group do you go to for advice on a work problem? Who in the group do you see providing satisfying leadership in the pending project? Sometimes called network explorations, research sociometry is concerned with relational patterns in small (individual and small group) and larger populations, such as organizations and neighborhoods. Applied sociometrists utilize a range of methods to assist people and groups review, expand and develop their existing psycho-social networks of relationships. Both fields of sociometry exist to produce through their application, greater spontaneity and creativity of both individuals and groups.
Moreno's Criteria for Sociometric Tests
In "Sociometry, Experimental Method and the Science of Society. An Approach to a New Political Orientation." Moreno describes the depth to which a group needs to go for the method to be "sociometric". The term for him had a qualitative meaning and did not apply unless some group process criteria were met. One of these is that there is acknowledgment of the difference between process dynamics and the manifest content. To quote Moreno: "there is a deep discrepancy between the official and the secret behavior of members". Moreno advocates that before any "social program" can be proposed, the sociometrist has to "take into account the actual constitution of the group."
Other criteria are: the Rule of adequate motivation: "Every participant should feel about the experiment that it is in his (or her) own cause . . . that it is an opportunity for him (or her) to become an active agent in matters concerning his (or her) life situation." and the Rule of "gradual" inclusion of all extraneous criteria. Moreno speaks here of "the slow dialectic process of the sociometric experiment".
Moreno, J. L., 1951, Sociometry, Experimental Method and the Science of Society. An Approach to a New Political Orientation. Beacon House, Beacon, New York.
UNIT – III
GROUP THERAPY OR GROUP PSYCHOTHERAPY:
Group psychotherapy or group therapy is a form of psychotherapy in which one or more therapists treat a small group of clients together as a group. The term can legitimately refer to any form of psychotherapy when delivered in a group format, including Cognitive behavioural therapy or Interpersonal therapy, but it is usually applied to psychodynamic group therapy where the group context and group process is explicitly utilised as a mechanism of change by developing, exploring and examining interpersonal relationships within the group. The broader concept of group therapy can be taken to include any helping process that takes place in a group, including support groups, skills training groups (such as anger management, mindfulness, relaxation training or social skills training), and psycho-education groups. The differences between psychodynamic groups, activity groups, support groups, problem-solving and psycoeducational groups are discussed by Montgomery (2002).[1]. Other, more specialised forms of group therapy would include non-verbal expressive therapies such as dance therapy, music therapy or the TaKeTiNa Rhythm Process.
History of group psychotherapy
The founders of group psychotherapy in the USA were Joseph H. Pratt, Trigant Burrow and Paul Schilder. All three of them were active and working at the East Coast in first half of the 20th century. After World War II group psychotherapy was further developed by Jacob L. Moreno, Samuel Slavson, Hyman Spotnitz, Irvin Yalom,and Lou Ormont. Yalom's approach to group therapy has been very influential not only in the USA but across the world, through his classic text "The Theory and Practice of Group Psychotherapy".[2] Moreno developed a specific and highly structured form of group therapy known as Psychodrama.
In the United Kingdom group psychotherapy initially developed independently, with pioneers S. H. Foulkes and Wilfred Bion using group therapy as an approach to treating combat fatigue in the Second World War.[3] Foulkes and Bion were psychoanalysts and incorporated psychoanalysis into group therapy by recognising that transference can arise not only between group members and the therapist but also among group members. Furthermore the psychoanalytic concept of the unconscious was extended with a recognition of a group unconscious, in which the unconscious processes of group members could be acted out in the form of irrational processes in group sessions. Foulkes developed the model known as Group Analysis and the Institute of Group Analysis, while Bion was influential in the development of group therapy at the Tavistock Clinic. Bion has been criticised, for example by Yalom,[4] for his technical approach which had an exclusive focus on analysis of whole-group processes to the exclusion of any exploration of individual group members' issues. Despite this, his recognition of group defences in the "Basic Assumption Group", has been highly influential.[5][6]
Bion's approach is comparable to Social Therapy, first developed in the United States in the late 1970s by Lois Holzman and Fred Newman, which is a group therapy in which practitioners relate to the group, not its individuals, as the fundamental unit of development. The task of the group is to "build the group" rather than focus on problem solving or "fixing" individuals.
Therapeutic principles
Yalom's therapeutic factors (originally termed curative factors but re-named therapeutic factors in the 5th edition of 'The Theory and Practice of Group Psychotherapy'[7] are derived from extensive self-report research with users of group therapy[8][9]
• Universality
The recognition of shared experiences and feelings among group members and that these may be widespread or universal human concerns, serves to remove a group member's sense of isolation, validate their experiences, and raise self-esteem
• Altruism
The group is a place where members can help each other, and the experience of being able to give something to another person can lift the member's self esteem and help develop more adaptive coping styles and interpersonal skills.
• Instillation of hope
In a mixed group that has members at various stages of development or recovery, a member can be inspired and encouraged by another member who has overcome the problems with which they are still struggling.
• Imparting information
While this is not strictly speaking a psychotherapeutic process, members often report that it has been very helpful to learn factual information from other members in the group. For example, about their treatment or about access to services.
• Corrective recapitulation of the primary family experience
Members often unconsciously identify the group therapist and other group members with their own parents and siblings in a process that is a form of transference specific to group psychotherapy. The therapist's interpretations can help group members gain understanding of the impact of childhood experiences on their personality, and they may learn to avoid unconsciously repeating unhelpful past interactive patterns in present-day relationships.
• Development of socializing techniques
The group setting provides a safe and supportive environment for members to take risks by extending their repertoire of interpersonal behaviour and improving their social skills
• Imitative behaviour
One way in which group members can develop social skills is through a modeling process, observing and imitating the therapist and other group members. For example, sharing personal feelings, showing concern, and supporting others.
• Cohesiveness
It has been suggested[10] that this is the primary therapeutic factor from which all others flow. Humans are herd animals with an instinctive need to belong to groups, and personal development can only take place in an interpersonal context. A cohesive group is one in which all members feel a sense of belonging, acceptance, and validation.
• Existential factors
Learning that one has to take responsibility for one's own life and the consequences of one's decisions.
• Catharsis
Catharsis is the experience of relief from emotional distress through the free and uninhibited expression of emotion. When members tell their story to a supportive audience, they can obtain relief from chronic feelings of shame and guilt.
• Interpersonal learning
Group members achieve a greater level of self-awareness through the process of interacting with others in the group, who give feedback on the member's behaviour and impact on others.
• Self-understanding
This factor overlaps with interpersonal learning but refers to the achievement of greater levels of insight into the genesis of one's problems and the unconscious motivations that underlie one's behaviour.
Settings
Group therapy can form part of the therapeutic milieu of a psychiatric in-patient unit [11][12] or ambulatory psychiatric Partial hospitalization (also known as Day Hospital treatment).[13] In addition to classical "talking" therapy, group therapy in an institutional setting can also include group-based expressive therapies such as drama therapy, psychodrama, art therapy, and non-verbal types of therapy such as music therapy. Group psychotherapy is a key component of Milieu Therapy in a Therapeutic Community. The total environment or milieu is regarded as the medium of therapy, all interactions and activities regarded as potentially therapeutic and are subject to exploration and interpretation, and are explored in daily or weekly community meetings[14]
A form of group therapy has been reported to be effective in psychotic adolescents and recovering addicts.[15] Projective group therapy uses an outside text such as a novel or motion picture to provide a "stable delusion" for the former cohort and a safe focus for repressed and suppressed emotions or thoughts in the latter. Patient groups read a novel or collectively view a film. They then participate collectively in the discussion of plot, character motivation and author motivation. In the case of films, sound track,cinematography and background are also discussed and processed. Under the guidance of the therapist, defense mechanisms are bypassed by the use of signifiers and semiotic processes. The focus remains on the text rather than on personal issues.[16]
Research on effectiveness
There is clear evidence for the effectiveness of group psychotherapy for depression: a meta-analysis of 48 studies showed an overall effect size of 1.03, which is clinically highly significant.[17] Similarly, a meta-analysis of five studies of group psychotherapy for adult sexual abuse survivors showed moderate to strong effect sizes [18], and there is also good evidence for effectiveness with chronic traumatic stress in war veterans.[19] There is less robust evidence of good outcomes for patients with borderline personality disorder, with some studies showing only small to moderate effect sizes.[20] The authors comment that these poor outcomes might reflect a need for additional support for some patients, in addition to the group therapy. This is borne out by the impressive results obtained using Mentalization based treatment, a model that combines dynamic group psychotherapy with individual psychotherapy and case management.[21] Most outcome research is carried out using time-limited therapy with diagnostically homogenous groups. However, long-term intensive interactional group psychotherapy [22] assumes diverse and diagnostically heterogeneous group membership, and an open-ended time scale for therapy. Good outcomes have also been demonstrated for this form of group therapy. [23
welcome
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Sunday, October 10, 2010
Friday, October 8, 2010
Social Policy, Social Security and Social Work
Social Policy, Social Security and Social Work
Centre for Research in Social Policy (CRSP) - Loughborough University, UKThe Centre conducts research into social policy with the aim of improving the quality and flow of information on which policy decisions are made and promoting contacts between policy makers, practitioners and the research community. Their mission is "excellence in independent social policy research and evaluation". Their research projects include: income support dynamics, income deprivation in the city, customer contact with the benefit agency, complementary social insurance schemes, co-op movement and community well being.
Centre for Social Policy Research and Development (CSPRD) - University of Wales, Bangor
The centre conducts research into community care issues, natably provision for elderly people (dementia studies), people with learning disabilities, community care and lone parenting.
Community Social Planning Council of Metropolitan Toronto (CSPC) - Canada
SPC is an independent, non-profit, organization of individuals and groups funded by 'The United Way of Greater Toronto' and 'The Municipality of Metropolitan Toronto'. They are dedicated to research, planning, policy analysis and advocacy.
European Centre for Social Welfare and Policy Research
An international social science research, policy, and information centre; and an intergovernmental organization on social welfare, affiliated to the United Nations. Research and programme activities focus on welfare and social development in a broad sense: social integration, security, care, health and well-being by the provision of public goods and personal services, The focus is not on welfare as such but on the interplay of socio-economic development between institutions, public policies, and personal social services. Typical areas covered include: social security, ageing, care of children, migration and human rights.
european-social-policy mailing list archive
Deals with social policy and social welfare issues in Europe, including the EU. Of interest to academics in social policy, sociology, economics, political science, law, public administration, and to others involved in policy debate. You can get information on the mailing list, browse the messages in the archive, or join the list.
Globalism and Social Policy Programme (GASPP)
A research, advisory, education and public information programme based jointly at STAKES (National Research and Development Centre for Welfare and Health), Helsinki, Finland and the Centre for Research on Globalisation and Social Policy, Department of Sociological Studies, University of Sheffield, England. Directed by Professor Bob Deacon.
Nederlands Instituut voor Zorg en Welzijn (NIZW)
Dutch institute for welfare and care. Includes a collection of links to welfare and social care sites in the Netherlands.
New Technology in the Human Services
A quarterly journal devoted to the dissemination of information about the application of information and information technology in the human services. The give provides subscription information, a preview of the last issue, references & abstracts of past issuesm and a sample article. There are two free electronic services: the software directory and the SWBIB (a free indexing and abstracting service to publications on new technology in the huan services).
Social Policy Association (SPA)
The SPA is a professional association open for membership to academics and practitioners working in social policy with an interest in British and international social policy. It also manages an email discussion list, which is open to members and non-members alike.
Social Policy and Social Work (SWAP)
The subject centre for Social Policy and Social Work in the UK.
Social Policy Net
A guide to social policy resources, presented by the Social Policy Association of the United Kingdom and the Department of Social Policy and Social Work at the University of York (UK).
Social Policy Virtual Library (SPVL)
Department of Social and A virtual librabry project, co-ordinated by Theo Papadopoulos (Policy Sciences, University of Bath, UK). It provides links to sites of major organizations, libraries, research institutes, publications and journals as well as access to online databases and data sources, other information gateways, social policy mailing lists and discussion groups. It also provides information on research opportunities and funding and access to resources for teaching social policyt and related subjects.
SOSIG
Subject Guide: Social Welfare
Sozial Politik
A German mailing list on social policy.
Spicker, Paul (University of Dundee, Scotland)
Social Policy: welfare, society and the state
UK Social & Policy Sciences Information Gateway
It provides links to sites of major governmental organizations, think tanks & research institutes, official publications, libraries and journals as well as access to online databases and data sources, other information gateways, policy-related mailing lists and discussion groups. In the section Social & Policy Issues a number of links are classified thematically. Editor: Theo Papadopoulos (Policy Sciences, University of Bath, UK).
Welfare Information Network
A clearinghouse for information, policy analysis and technical assistance on welfare reform in the USA. The site provides access to a variety of welfare policy documents: federal sources, think-tank studies on state welfare programs and initiatives. It includes a very good page with links to welfare relates web sites, divided in categories like: statistical data, policy analysis and evaluation, legislative information, state and local initiatives.
Zentrum für Socialpolitik (ZES)
The Centre for Social Policy Research at Bremen University (Germany). Research is concentrated on theory and constitution of the welfare state, health policy, social medicine and gender policy.
Zorgstad Amsterdam
Social policy in Amsterdam. An initiative of the Wellfare Service of Amsterdam's Municipality, department of Social and Health Care, and several care providers in Amsterdam. The site provides information about the Amsterdam care policies, care providers and their activities.
World Wide
Canadian Council on Social Development (CCSD)
A national, research-based non-profit organization which focusus on issues of social and economic security. The mission of the CCSD is to develop and promote progressive social policies inspired by social justice, equality and the empowerment of individuals and communities through research, consultation, public education and advocacy. The site includes a Publication Catalogue, Online Documents and a very useful Social Indicators Site.
Social Security - International Labour Organization (ILO)
The ILO actively promotes policies and provides assistance to countries to set up mechanisms to provide access to an adequate level of social protection to all members of society. The Social Security Department has related action programmes, designed to develop a planning framework for: reforming and developing social security systems; improving the governance, management and administration and operation of social security schemes; and addressing the issues of safety nets, social assistance, poverty prevention and the extension of social protection through improved use of tax-based transfers and the potential role of tax-financed universal health care services.
Social Security Programs Throughout the World: Europe
The 2002 edition provides, in summary form, the basic provisions of social security legislation and administration in 165 countries. The report contains information on old-age, survivors, and disability insurance, sickness and maternity coverage, work injury provisions, unemployment compensation, and family allowances. Each section is further subdivided into: dates of basic laws, coverage, source of funds, contribution rates and ceilings, qualifying conditions, benefit amounts, and administrative organizations. The 'Guide' contains a detailed introduction discussing concepts, practices, and terminology.
Social Security Web Sites Around the World
A collection of links to social security agencies and organizations around the world, gathered by the American Social Security Administration (SSA).
Social Security online
Site of the Social Security Administration (SSA) in the U.S.A. The social security statement is a record of the earning on which you have paid Social Security taxes during your working years. It also gives you a summary of the estimated benefits you (or your family) may receive as a result of those earnings.
Workfare-Fight
A list for organizing welfare recipients and fighting workfare internationally.
Europe
BIEN - Basic Income European Network
A basic income is an income unconditionally granted to all on an individual basis, without means test or work requirement. Basic income has been given different names: state bonus and social credit, social wage and social dividend, guaranteed income and citizen's wage, citizenship income and demogrant, existence income and universal grant. This site gives a more detailed presentation of basis income. It includes a listing of national networks on basic income and a newsletter.
MISSOC - Mutual Information System on Social Protection in the Member States of the European Union
An information system created at the initiative of the European Commission (Directorate-General V) to probive brief, up-to-date and comparative information on social protection systems in the Member States of the EU. The presentation is organized in four sections. "Trends in Social Protection" contains a comprehensive analysis of the development of social protection, an account of measures introduced in the Member States, and national reports on the evolution of social protection in each Member State. The "Comparative Tables" contain flow charts on the organization and financing of social protection, the basic benefits, regulations on the guaranteerd minimum level of resources, and social protection for the self-employed. The "News and Trends" section contains information bulletins which deel with actual development in the Member States as well as special subjects concerning social protection. The last section, "Current Information" contains informations on recent publications and interesting events in the field of social protection.
Unemployed Workers Resources Page
Unemployed Workers Centres around Britain exist to help you overcome the effects of what can be either a nightmare or a chance to rethink your life. They are often campaigning against unemployment and policies which strip us of our rights and benefits, and for a return to full employment and a fair society.
Netherlands
ABP
The biggest pension fund for government and education authorities in the Netherlands. It schemes are flexibel so that partiipants can profit from the collectivism and attain their own individual wishes. The site offers general information on the institution, annual reports and reports on invesments.
Breed Platform Verzekerden & Werk (BPV&W)
Dutch platform for people with social security problems.
Informatiepunt sociale zekerheid
A project of the Vereniging Bijstandsbond Amsterdam (VBA) and the Werklozen Belangen Vereniging Amsterdam (WBVA). Useful information on unemployment and social security, presented by the organizations that try to organize the unemployed.
Ministerie van Sociale Zaken en Werkgelegenheid
Dutch Ministry of Labor and Social Security
Sociale Verzekeringsbank (SVB)
Dutch Social Insurance Bank. With information on:
Algemene Ouderdomswet (AOW) - Old Age Pensions Act
Kinderbijslagwet (AKW) - Child Benefits Act
Algemene nabestaandenwet (ANw) - Survivors' Benefit Act
Sociale Zekerheid in Nederland - Social Security in the Netherlands
Information on National insurance for residents of the Netherlands, Industrial insurance for employed persons, and Social Provisions. Provided by: Ridderveld A&A.
WerkSite: wet- en regelgeving - Labor and Social Security in the Netherlands.
Information on:
Sociale verzekeringen (Social Insurance)
Volksverzekeringen (National insurance for residents of the Netherlands)
Werknemersverzekeringen (Industrial insurance for employed persons):
Wet op de Arbeidsongeschiktheidsverzekering (WAO), Wachtgeld, Werkloosheidswet (WW), Ziektewet (ZW), Wet Uitbreiding Loondoorbetaling bij Ziekte (WULBZ), Ziekenfondswet (ZWF).
Sociale voorzieningen (Social Provisions):
Algemene BijstandsWet (ABW)
ZW Sociale Zekerheid - Information Centre for Social Security. The site offers some global information of the Dutch sociale security system. English and Dutch version. Information on:
Abw | AOW | Anw | WAO | WAZ | ZFW
Zorgverzekeraars Nederland - Health care in the Netherlands.
General
ASIT - Servizio Sociale su Internet
Italian website for social workers and related professionals. Editor: Mario Abrate.
Global Social Work Network (GSWN)
An association of social work professionals world wide. The network promotes information exchange of global and local social work resources, educational opportunities, foreign and domestic social work licensure regulations, and to support those seeking career opportunities worldwide.
Irish Social Care Gateway
The leading Irish directory of information for social care practitioners, students, academics and those interested in care issues.
March, Scott
Community Organizing on the Internet: Implications for Social Work Practictioners
Fischer, Robert [1996]
Social Work in a Private World
Chapter One in Robert Fischer and Howard Karker [1996] Social Work in a Private World, Longmans.
Internet Social Worker
An internet guide for social workers, written by Angela Upton (National Institute for Social Work, London, UK).
Mailing Lists for Social Workers
National Association of Social Workers (NASW)
Code of Ethics
Approved by the 1996 NASW Delegate Assembly and revised by the 1999 NASW Delegate Assembly. The code of ethics is intended to serve as a gujide to the everyday professional conduct of social workers. It describes the social work profession's mission and core values, provides an overview of the main function of the code, a brief guide for dealing with ethical issues or dilemmas in social work practice, and a specifies ethical stahndardsto guide social workers' conduct to provide a basis for adjudication.
New Social Worker Online, The
The electronic version of the american magazine devoted especially to social work students and recent graduates. Some of the contributions are full-text articles. It includes a list of links on social work.
Sociaal-Cultureel Werk
Information about Community Work, Youthwork and Welfare work. Presented by: ROC Midden-Brabant College DGO. The Netherlands.
Social Work Access Network (SWAN)
A loosely-organized interest group composed of caseworkers, counselors, therapists, students, administrators, and professors in the social work fields. SWAN is dedicated to furthering professional connectivity and the overall effectiveness of social work through the advantages provided by computer networking. Editor: Peter Thomas (Univ. of South Carolina).
Social Work History Station
Some chapters of a cyberhistory of social work's early years. Editor: Dan Huff, School of Social Work, Boise State University, USA.
Social Work: Institutes and Organizations from Yahoo!
Social Work World
SWW brings social workers, social work students and those interested in social issues together in an informative, supportive environment, which includes a discussion forum, articles, job listings and general link listing.
Treffpunkt Sozialarbeit
Facilitates electronic exchange of information and experiences between professionals and students in the german speaking world. It's a meeting point organized around the Mailingliste Sozialarbeit.
Virtual Social Work (VSW)
An information gateway for social workers in the UK. It facilitates professional networking via e-mail, bulletin boards, newsgroups and mailing lists. It includes all sorts of handy resources such as complete TV listings of programmes about social issues or current affairs, jobsearches etc. It's a non-commercial private venture of Conny Carnuth.
Youth Work Links (SocioSite)
Academic Departments
Department of Social Work - Saratov State Technic University (Russia)
Information on educational programs and research activities,on-line publications in sociolology, gender studies, social work and social anthropology.
Michigan State University School of Social Work
School of Social Work - University of Southern California, USA
Associations and Societies
Association for the Advancement of Social Work with Groups (AASWG)
Dedicated to the advocacy and action in support of group work practice, education, research, and publication. The site contains a listing of social work and group work links.
Association of Social Work Boards (ASWB)
The association of boards that regulate social work in America. The ASWB develops and maintains the social work licensing examination for the USA, and is a resource for information on the legal regulations of social work.
Australian Institute of Welfare and Community Workers (AIWCW)
The professional organization for welfare and community workers in Australia.
British Association of Social Workers (BASW)
Canadian Association of Schools of Social Work
A national charitable association of university faculties, schools and departments offering professional education in social work at the undergraduate, graduate and post-graduate levels. English and French version.
Danish Association of Social Workers
A professional association and trade union for professional social workers or students. Organizes 95% of all professional social workers in Denmark.
International Federation of Social Workers (IFSW)
Irish Association of Social Workers (IASW)
National Association of Social Workers (NASW) - USA
Social Work Access Network (SWAN)
A site for professionals, educators, and students searching the web for resources related to social work. SWAN is dedicated to promoting technology as an instructional enhancement tool across the social work cirruculum
Social Work Alliance - UK
Provides an internet information and current awareness service for social work professionals in the UK.
Journals and Magazines
Affilia: Journal of Women and Social Work [table of content]
A scholarly social work journal that addresses the concerns of social workers and their clients from a feminist point of view. It offers a mix of research reports, new theory and creative approaches to the challenges confronting women.
British Journal of Social Work [table of content + abstracts]
The journal of the British Association of Social Workers is a leading academic social work journal in the UK. The journal tries to cover every aspect of social work and wants to keep up to date with theoretical and empirical developments in the field, and it seems they are closing in to this goal.
Critical Social Work [full-text]
An interdisciplinary journal dedicated to social justice. Editors: Richard Pozzuto, Sylvia Hawranick and Roger Lohman.
Electronic Journal of Social Work [full text]
A peer-reviewed electronic journal that publishes papers from all areas relates to social work education and practice.
New Social Worker Online [table of content]
Editor: Linda May Grobman.
Social Service Review [table of content + abstracts]
Committed to an examination of social welfare and to an evaluation of its effects. The Review publishes articles on a wide range of topics, including poverty, ethnicity, income distribution, family conflict, social welfare policy, mental health services, community development, and deviancy. Editor: Michael R. Sosin.
Reference: Guides and Links Collections
Grassroots: Social Work Resources
Mickey's Place in the Sun - Social Work and Social Services Resources
Gateways to Internet Resources related to social work - Bobst Library at New York University, USA.
Social Work
A Dutch site with a list of structured links on social policy. Editor: André Walraven (Breda, Netherlands).
Social Work Cafe (SWC)
Links to topics of interest to social workers.
Social Work Gateway
Resources for teachers, students and practitioners. Presented by the Centre for Human Service Technology of the Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Southampton, UK. Editor: Ann Wilkinson.
Social Work Online
A one stop site featuring the most valuable social work, social services, and mental health resources on the Internet. It includes a social work online bookstore and newsletter. Editor: Marvin P. Vernon (California, USA).
Social Work Research Tools
A guide to social work presented by the Social Work Information Center of the University of Southern California, USA.
Social Workers
Resources from Nerd World Media.
SOSIG
Social Work - World Resources. Europe | U.K.
Sozialwesen und Internet
An German internet guide for social workers. Editor: Günther Stahlmann (Fulda, Germany).
Subject Resources for Social Work - Univ. of British Columbia Library, Canada.
Information to the major research resources in Social Work, and links to selected, important web sites pertinent to that field.
Web Resources for Social Workers - Colorado State University (USA).
Annotated links on professional organizations, not-for-profit and non-profit organizations, journals, magazines, newsgroups, substance abuse information, domestic violence, mental health information, and many social services links. The majority of the more than 59,000 links are to the "grey literature".
Centre for Research in Social Policy (CRSP) - Loughborough University, UKThe Centre conducts research into social policy with the aim of improving the quality and flow of information on which policy decisions are made and promoting contacts between policy makers, practitioners and the research community. Their mission is "excellence in independent social policy research and evaluation". Their research projects include: income support dynamics, income deprivation in the city, customer contact with the benefit agency, complementary social insurance schemes, co-op movement and community well being.
Centre for Social Policy Research and Development (CSPRD) - University of Wales, Bangor
The centre conducts research into community care issues, natably provision for elderly people (dementia studies), people with learning disabilities, community care and lone parenting.
Community Social Planning Council of Metropolitan Toronto (CSPC) - Canada
SPC is an independent, non-profit, organization of individuals and groups funded by 'The United Way of Greater Toronto' and 'The Municipality of Metropolitan Toronto'. They are dedicated to research, planning, policy analysis and advocacy.
European Centre for Social Welfare and Policy Research
An international social science research, policy, and information centre; and an intergovernmental organization on social welfare, affiliated to the United Nations. Research and programme activities focus on welfare and social development in a broad sense: social integration, security, care, health and well-being by the provision of public goods and personal services, The focus is not on welfare as such but on the interplay of socio-economic development between institutions, public policies, and personal social services. Typical areas covered include: social security, ageing, care of children, migration and human rights.
european-social-policy mailing list archive
Deals with social policy and social welfare issues in Europe, including the EU. Of interest to academics in social policy, sociology, economics, political science, law, public administration, and to others involved in policy debate. You can get information on the mailing list, browse the messages in the archive, or join the list.
Globalism and Social Policy Programme (GASPP)
A research, advisory, education and public information programme based jointly at STAKES (National Research and Development Centre for Welfare and Health), Helsinki, Finland and the Centre for Research on Globalisation and Social Policy, Department of Sociological Studies, University of Sheffield, England. Directed by Professor Bob Deacon.
Nederlands Instituut voor Zorg en Welzijn (NIZW)
Dutch institute for welfare and care. Includes a collection of links to welfare and social care sites in the Netherlands.
New Technology in the Human Services
A quarterly journal devoted to the dissemination of information about the application of information and information technology in the human services. The give provides subscription information, a preview of the last issue, references & abstracts of past issuesm and a sample article. There are two free electronic services: the software directory and the SWBIB (a free indexing and abstracting service to publications on new technology in the huan services).
Social Policy Association (SPA)
The SPA is a professional association open for membership to academics and practitioners working in social policy with an interest in British and international social policy. It also manages an email discussion list, which is open to members and non-members alike.
Social Policy and Social Work (SWAP)
The subject centre for Social Policy and Social Work in the UK.
Social Policy Net
A guide to social policy resources, presented by the Social Policy Association of the United Kingdom and the Department of Social Policy and Social Work at the University of York (UK).
Social Policy Virtual Library (SPVL)
Department of Social and A virtual librabry project, co-ordinated by Theo Papadopoulos (Policy Sciences, University of Bath, UK). It provides links to sites of major organizations, libraries, research institutes, publications and journals as well as access to online databases and data sources, other information gateways, social policy mailing lists and discussion groups. It also provides information on research opportunities and funding and access to resources for teaching social policyt and related subjects.
SOSIG
Subject Guide: Social Welfare
Sozial Politik
A German mailing list on social policy.
Spicker, Paul (University of Dundee, Scotland)
Social Policy: welfare, society and the state
UK Social & Policy Sciences Information Gateway
It provides links to sites of major governmental organizations, think tanks & research institutes, official publications, libraries and journals as well as access to online databases and data sources, other information gateways, policy-related mailing lists and discussion groups. In the section Social & Policy Issues a number of links are classified thematically. Editor: Theo Papadopoulos (Policy Sciences, University of Bath, UK).
Welfare Information Network
A clearinghouse for information, policy analysis and technical assistance on welfare reform in the USA. The site provides access to a variety of welfare policy documents: federal sources, think-tank studies on state welfare programs and initiatives. It includes a very good page with links to welfare relates web sites, divided in categories like: statistical data, policy analysis and evaluation, legislative information, state and local initiatives.
Zentrum für Socialpolitik (ZES)
The Centre for Social Policy Research at Bremen University (Germany). Research is concentrated on theory and constitution of the welfare state, health policy, social medicine and gender policy.
Zorgstad Amsterdam
Social policy in Amsterdam. An initiative of the Wellfare Service of Amsterdam's Municipality, department of Social and Health Care, and several care providers in Amsterdam. The site provides information about the Amsterdam care policies, care providers and their activities.
World Wide
Canadian Council on Social Development (CCSD)
A national, research-based non-profit organization which focusus on issues of social and economic security. The mission of the CCSD is to develop and promote progressive social policies inspired by social justice, equality and the empowerment of individuals and communities through research, consultation, public education and advocacy. The site includes a Publication Catalogue, Online Documents and a very useful Social Indicators Site.
Social Security - International Labour Organization (ILO)
The ILO actively promotes policies and provides assistance to countries to set up mechanisms to provide access to an adequate level of social protection to all members of society. The Social Security Department has related action programmes, designed to develop a planning framework for: reforming and developing social security systems; improving the governance, management and administration and operation of social security schemes; and addressing the issues of safety nets, social assistance, poverty prevention and the extension of social protection through improved use of tax-based transfers and the potential role of tax-financed universal health care services.
Social Security Programs Throughout the World: Europe
The 2002 edition provides, in summary form, the basic provisions of social security legislation and administration in 165 countries. The report contains information on old-age, survivors, and disability insurance, sickness and maternity coverage, work injury provisions, unemployment compensation, and family allowances. Each section is further subdivided into: dates of basic laws, coverage, source of funds, contribution rates and ceilings, qualifying conditions, benefit amounts, and administrative organizations. The 'Guide' contains a detailed introduction discussing concepts, practices, and terminology.
Social Security Web Sites Around the World
A collection of links to social security agencies and organizations around the world, gathered by the American Social Security Administration (SSA).
Social Security online
Site of the Social Security Administration (SSA) in the U.S.A. The social security statement is a record of the earning on which you have paid Social Security taxes during your working years. It also gives you a summary of the estimated benefits you (or your family) may receive as a result of those earnings.
Workfare-Fight
A list for organizing welfare recipients and fighting workfare internationally.
Europe
BIEN - Basic Income European Network
A basic income is an income unconditionally granted to all on an individual basis, without means test or work requirement. Basic income has been given different names: state bonus and social credit, social wage and social dividend, guaranteed income and citizen's wage, citizenship income and demogrant, existence income and universal grant. This site gives a more detailed presentation of basis income. It includes a listing of national networks on basic income and a newsletter.
MISSOC - Mutual Information System on Social Protection in the Member States of the European Union
An information system created at the initiative of the European Commission (Directorate-General V) to probive brief, up-to-date and comparative information on social protection systems in the Member States of the EU. The presentation is organized in four sections. "Trends in Social Protection" contains a comprehensive analysis of the development of social protection, an account of measures introduced in the Member States, and national reports on the evolution of social protection in each Member State. The "Comparative Tables" contain flow charts on the organization and financing of social protection, the basic benefits, regulations on the guaranteerd minimum level of resources, and social protection for the self-employed. The "News and Trends" section contains information bulletins which deel with actual development in the Member States as well as special subjects concerning social protection. The last section, "Current Information" contains informations on recent publications and interesting events in the field of social protection.
Unemployed Workers Resources Page
Unemployed Workers Centres around Britain exist to help you overcome the effects of what can be either a nightmare or a chance to rethink your life. They are often campaigning against unemployment and policies which strip us of our rights and benefits, and for a return to full employment and a fair society.
Netherlands
ABP
The biggest pension fund for government and education authorities in the Netherlands. It schemes are flexibel so that partiipants can profit from the collectivism and attain their own individual wishes. The site offers general information on the institution, annual reports and reports on invesments.
Breed Platform Verzekerden & Werk (BPV&W)
Dutch platform for people with social security problems.
Informatiepunt sociale zekerheid
A project of the Vereniging Bijstandsbond Amsterdam (VBA) and the Werklozen Belangen Vereniging Amsterdam (WBVA). Useful information on unemployment and social security, presented by the organizations that try to organize the unemployed.
Ministerie van Sociale Zaken en Werkgelegenheid
Dutch Ministry of Labor and Social Security
Sociale Verzekeringsbank (SVB)
Dutch Social Insurance Bank. With information on:
Algemene Ouderdomswet (AOW) - Old Age Pensions Act
Kinderbijslagwet (AKW) - Child Benefits Act
Algemene nabestaandenwet (ANw) - Survivors' Benefit Act
Sociale Zekerheid in Nederland - Social Security in the Netherlands
Information on National insurance for residents of the Netherlands, Industrial insurance for employed persons, and Social Provisions. Provided by: Ridderveld A&A.
WerkSite: wet- en regelgeving - Labor and Social Security in the Netherlands.
Information on:
Sociale verzekeringen (Social Insurance)
Volksverzekeringen (National insurance for residents of the Netherlands)
Werknemersverzekeringen (Industrial insurance for employed persons):
Wet op de Arbeidsongeschiktheidsverzekering (WAO), Wachtgeld, Werkloosheidswet (WW), Ziektewet (ZW), Wet Uitbreiding Loondoorbetaling bij Ziekte (WULBZ), Ziekenfondswet (ZWF).
Sociale voorzieningen (Social Provisions):
Algemene BijstandsWet (ABW)
ZW Sociale Zekerheid - Information Centre for Social Security. The site offers some global information of the Dutch sociale security system. English and Dutch version. Information on:
Abw | AOW | Anw | WAO | WAZ | ZFW
Zorgverzekeraars Nederland - Health care in the Netherlands.
General
ASIT - Servizio Sociale su Internet
Italian website for social workers and related professionals. Editor: Mario Abrate.
Global Social Work Network (GSWN)
An association of social work professionals world wide. The network promotes information exchange of global and local social work resources, educational opportunities, foreign and domestic social work licensure regulations, and to support those seeking career opportunities worldwide.
Irish Social Care Gateway
The leading Irish directory of information for social care practitioners, students, academics and those interested in care issues.
March, Scott
Community Organizing on the Internet: Implications for Social Work Practictioners
Fischer, Robert [1996]
Social Work in a Private World
Chapter One in Robert Fischer and Howard Karker [1996] Social Work in a Private World, Longmans.
Internet Social Worker
An internet guide for social workers, written by Angela Upton (National Institute for Social Work, London, UK).
Mailing Lists for Social Workers
National Association of Social Workers (NASW)
Code of Ethics
Approved by the 1996 NASW Delegate Assembly and revised by the 1999 NASW Delegate Assembly. The code of ethics is intended to serve as a gujide to the everyday professional conduct of social workers. It describes the social work profession's mission and core values, provides an overview of the main function of the code, a brief guide for dealing with ethical issues or dilemmas in social work practice, and a specifies ethical stahndardsto guide social workers' conduct to provide a basis for adjudication.
New Social Worker Online, The
The electronic version of the american magazine devoted especially to social work students and recent graduates. Some of the contributions are full-text articles. It includes a list of links on social work.
Sociaal-Cultureel Werk
Information about Community Work, Youthwork and Welfare work. Presented by: ROC Midden-Brabant College DGO. The Netherlands.
Social Work Access Network (SWAN)
A loosely-organized interest group composed of caseworkers, counselors, therapists, students, administrators, and professors in the social work fields. SWAN is dedicated to furthering professional connectivity and the overall effectiveness of social work through the advantages provided by computer networking. Editor: Peter Thomas (Univ. of South Carolina).
Social Work History Station
Some chapters of a cyberhistory of social work's early years. Editor: Dan Huff, School of Social Work, Boise State University, USA.
Social Work: Institutes and Organizations from Yahoo!
Social Work World
SWW brings social workers, social work students and those interested in social issues together in an informative, supportive environment, which includes a discussion forum, articles, job listings and general link listing.
Treffpunkt Sozialarbeit
Facilitates electronic exchange of information and experiences between professionals and students in the german speaking world. It's a meeting point organized around the Mailingliste Sozialarbeit.
Virtual Social Work (VSW)
An information gateway for social workers in the UK. It facilitates professional networking via e-mail, bulletin boards, newsgroups and mailing lists. It includes all sorts of handy resources such as complete TV listings of programmes about social issues or current affairs, jobsearches etc. It's a non-commercial private venture of Conny Carnuth.
Youth Work Links (SocioSite)
Academic Departments
Department of Social Work - Saratov State Technic University (Russia)
Information on educational programs and research activities,on-line publications in sociolology, gender studies, social work and social anthropology.
Michigan State University School of Social Work
School of Social Work - University of Southern California, USA
Associations and Societies
Association for the Advancement of Social Work with Groups (AASWG)
Dedicated to the advocacy and action in support of group work practice, education, research, and publication. The site contains a listing of social work and group work links.
Association of Social Work Boards (ASWB)
The association of boards that regulate social work in America. The ASWB develops and maintains the social work licensing examination for the USA, and is a resource for information on the legal regulations of social work.
Australian Institute of Welfare and Community Workers (AIWCW)
The professional organization for welfare and community workers in Australia.
British Association of Social Workers (BASW)
Canadian Association of Schools of Social Work
A national charitable association of university faculties, schools and departments offering professional education in social work at the undergraduate, graduate and post-graduate levels. English and French version.
Danish Association of Social Workers
A professional association and trade union for professional social workers or students. Organizes 95% of all professional social workers in Denmark.
International Federation of Social Workers (IFSW)
Irish Association of Social Workers (IASW)
National Association of Social Workers (NASW) - USA
Social Work Access Network (SWAN)
A site for professionals, educators, and students searching the web for resources related to social work. SWAN is dedicated to promoting technology as an instructional enhancement tool across the social work cirruculum
Social Work Alliance - UK
Provides an internet information and current awareness service for social work professionals in the UK.
Journals and Magazines
Affilia: Journal of Women and Social Work [table of content]
A scholarly social work journal that addresses the concerns of social workers and their clients from a feminist point of view. It offers a mix of research reports, new theory and creative approaches to the challenges confronting women.
British Journal of Social Work [table of content + abstracts]
The journal of the British Association of Social Workers is a leading academic social work journal in the UK. The journal tries to cover every aspect of social work and wants to keep up to date with theoretical and empirical developments in the field, and it seems they are closing in to this goal.
Critical Social Work [full-text]
An interdisciplinary journal dedicated to social justice. Editors: Richard Pozzuto, Sylvia Hawranick and Roger Lohman.
Electronic Journal of Social Work [full text]
A peer-reviewed electronic journal that publishes papers from all areas relates to social work education and practice.
New Social Worker Online [table of content]
Editor: Linda May Grobman.
Social Service Review [table of content + abstracts]
Committed to an examination of social welfare and to an evaluation of its effects. The Review publishes articles on a wide range of topics, including poverty, ethnicity, income distribution, family conflict, social welfare policy, mental health services, community development, and deviancy. Editor: Michael R. Sosin.
Reference: Guides and Links Collections
Grassroots: Social Work Resources
Mickey's Place in the Sun - Social Work and Social Services Resources
Gateways to Internet Resources related to social work - Bobst Library at New York University, USA.
Social Work
A Dutch site with a list of structured links on social policy. Editor: André Walraven (Breda, Netherlands).
Social Work Cafe (SWC)
Links to topics of interest to social workers.
Social Work Gateway
Resources for teachers, students and practitioners. Presented by the Centre for Human Service Technology of the Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Southampton, UK. Editor: Ann Wilkinson.
Social Work Online
A one stop site featuring the most valuable social work, social services, and mental health resources on the Internet. It includes a social work online bookstore and newsletter. Editor: Marvin P. Vernon (California, USA).
Social Work Research Tools
A guide to social work presented by the Social Work Information Center of the University of Southern California, USA.
Social Workers
Resources from Nerd World Media.
SOSIG
Social Work - World Resources. Europe | U.K.
Sozialwesen und Internet
An German internet guide for social workers. Editor: Günther Stahlmann (Fulda, Germany).
Subject Resources for Social Work - Univ. of British Columbia Library, Canada.
Information to the major research resources in Social Work, and links to selected, important web sites pertinent to that field.
Web Resources for Social Workers - Colorado State University (USA).
Annotated links on professional organizations, not-for-profit and non-profit organizations, journals, magazines, newsgroups, substance abuse information, domestic violence, mental health information, and many social services links. The majority of the more than 59,000 links are to the "grey literature".
Tuesday, September 28, 2010
CHENNAI SUPER KINGS
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Chennai Super Kings
Coach: Stephen Fleming
Captain: Mahendra Singh Dhoni
Colours:
Founded: 2008
Home ground: M. A. Chidambaram Stadium
Capacity: 50,000
Owner: India Cements Ltd.
IPL wins:
(1) 2010
Champions League Twenty20 wins:
(1) 2010
Official website: CSK
Chennai Super Kings (Tamil: சென்னை சூப்பர் கிங்ஸ்) (often abbreviated asCSK) is a franchise cricket team based inChennai who play in the Indian Premier League. The team is led by Mahendra Singh Dhoni and coached by Stephen Fleming. The M. A. Chidambaram Stadium(often referred to as Chepauk) is the Super King's home ground. They are the current holders of the IPL trophy having won the2010 Indian Premier League. They were the runners-up of the inaugaral season and the semi-finalists of the second edition. Having been the only side to make it to the semi-finals in all the three editions of the tournment they are the most consistent side in the Indian Premier League.The Super Kings have appeared in theChampions League twice, one in 2008 that was cancelled and the other which they became Champions in 2010.
•
[edit]Etymology
The name Chennai Super Kings draws on the history of Tamil rulers emerging from this region. It should also be noted that the ICL named their Chennai franchise Chennai Superstars a year prior to the formation of the Super Kings.
[edit]The Logo and The Anthem
The addition of the word "Super" gives the name a young and contemporary feel, which is in keeping with the game format. The Twenty20 as a cricketing format is all about enhanced drama and speed.[1] The Anthem is "Namma Chennai Super-- kings".
[edit]Franchise history
The Chennai Super Kings are a part of the Indian Premier League, made up of 10 teams. The franchise is currently owned by India Cements, who paid US $91 million to acquire the rights to the franchise for 10 years in 2008. N. Srinivasan, Vice-Chairman and Managing Director of India Cements Ltd., is the defacto owner of the Chennai Super Kings, by means of his position within the company. He is also the Secretary of the BCCI.
Krishnamachari Srikkanth, former captain of the Indian Cricket Team, is the brand ambassador for the franchise at present, and former Indian opener V. B. Chandrasekhar is the Chief Selector. To gather more support from local fans, actor Joseph Vijay and actress Nayantara were also appointed as ambassadors. Nayanthara was later removed because she could not attend matches. Vijay served as the brand Ambassador till the end of 2009 season and has since then given up his position due to his other commitments.
2008 season
A Chennai vs Kolkata match in progress at the M.A. Chidambaram Cricket Stadium
During the first player auctions for the inaugural IPL season, conducted in January 2008, the Chennai team was able to outbid its competitors to buy currentIndian team captain Mahendra Singh Dhoni for $1,5 million, winning the highest bid.
The Super Kings had a solid start to their 2008 IPL Season, winning their first 4 matches. However, their top order and bowling attack took a hit after Matthew Hayden, Mike Hussey and Jacob Oram left the team for international duty. The team's performance reflected this, as they proceeded to lose their next 3 matches. The batting, although inconsistent, eventually adjusted to the losses of Hayden and Hussey with contributions from Dhoni, Suresh Raina and Albie Morkel. The gap in the team's bowling left by Oram's departure was eventually filled by the arrival of Makhaya Ntini and Albie Morkel (both of whom were playing the Pro20 domestic tournament in South Africa during the start of the tournament) and the emergence of Manpreet Gony. A win in the final league match against the Deccan Chargers ensured their progress into the semi-finals, finishing the group stage at third rank.
The team defeated the Kings XI Punjab in the semifinal by 9 wickets, thus entering the final, which they lost to Rajasthan Royals by three wickets off the last ball. The Super Kings were the team to post the highest total in the tournament (240 against Kings XI Punjab), which was only broken in the 2010 season by the Super Kings themselves. Moreover, Lakshmipathy Balaji took the first hat-trick of the IPL in the second match against the Punjab team. The team also won the Fly Kingfisher Fair Play Awards. Suresh Raina scored the most runs (421) for Chennai, whileManpreet Gony took most wickets (17).
2009 season
Apart from Andrew Flintoff, Thilan Thushara from Sri Lanka, George Bailey from Tasmania,Australia and Murali Vijay, the Tamil Nadu batsman who played for India in two test matches, and Sudeep Tyagi, who had missed the 2008 season due to injury, returned for the second season, which was held in South Africa. In addition, Shadab Jakati of Goa was also added to the team, a left field selection by V. B. Chandrasekhar, the team's Director of Cricketing Operations. Five players, Srikanth Anirudha, Sivaramakrishnan Vidyut, Selvam Suresh Kumar, Abhinav Mukund and Napoleon Einstein were sent back from South Africa to trim the squad. Michael Hussey opted out of the 2009 season, however, he decided to come back for the semi-finals but was not picked to play though. Andrew Flintoff picked up a knee injury and was withdrawn from the tournament and returned to England early in the tournament.[2]
The Super Kings played the first match of the tournament, which they lost to the Mumbai Indiansby 19 runs. They won the second match against the Royal Challengers Bangalore by 92 runs, beforing losing their next two matches. However, things took a turn with a five-game winning streak for the Super Kings, eventually even taking the top spot. They entered the semifinals after their win against Mumbai Indians by 7 wickets, finishing the group stage at second, where they were eliminated by the Royal Challengers Bangalore.
Mathew Hayden was the Orange cap winner, being the leading run scorer in IPL 2009, scoring 572 runs in 12 matches with an average of 52 and strike rate of 144.81. Meanwhile, Muttiah Muralitharan had the best economy rate of the tournament (5.22) and was also Chennai's highest wicket taker (14).
2010 season
The Super Kings added three new overseas players to their roster: Justin Kemp, Thissara Pereraand Doug Bollinger. One of these two will fill in the empty slot while the other shall serve as a substitute to Andrew Flintoff, who has planned to skip this season. The Super Kings also roped in former ICL cricketer Hemang Badani and local all-rounder Ganapathy.
The Super Kings started their tournament against the defending champions, Deccan Chargers, in a home match. They lost the match by 31 runs. The Super Kings a roller-coaster ride throughout the tournament. They did not play their best in the first half of the tournament due to which they lost the majority of the matches they played. But the Super Kings made an admirable comeback by winning 5 of the matches played in the latter half of the season. This boosted their Net Run Rate, which ultimately proved to be the factor leading to their qualification for the semi-finals as three other teams were also tied on points. The Super Kings defeated the defending championsDeccan Chargers to qualify for the IPL final. The win also assured them a place in the Champions League Twenty20.
The final match of IPL 2010 (Chennai Super Kings vs. Mumbai Indians) was played on 25 April 2010 at the DY Patil Stadium. M S Dhoni(Captain - CSK) won the toss and elected to bat. Chennai Super Kings scored 168 for 5 at the end of 20 Overs. Mumbai Indians scored 146 for 9 at the end of 20 overs and hence lost the match by 22 runs. Man of the match: Suresh Raina(Chennai Super Kings). Finally the Chennai Super Kings were crowned the winners of the Indian Premier League. This is also the first time an Indian captain won this tournament. The first IPL season was won by Rajasthan Royals captained by Shane Warne, and the second IPL Season was won by the Deccan Chargers captained by Adam Gilchrist.
Administration
Owner - India Cements Ltd.
Ambassadors - Krishnamachari Srikkanth
Chief Selector - V. B. Chandrasekhar
Official AD Agency - Salt Creatives, Chennai
Champions League Twenty20
Main article: Twenty20 Champions League
The Twenty20 Champions League is an international Twenty20 cricket competition between clubs from India, Australia, England, South Africa, Sri Lanka, New Zealand and West Indies. The competition was launched in 2008 as a response to the success of national Twenty20 domestic cricket leagues, most notably the Indian Premier League
2008 Season
Main article: 2008 Champions League Twenty20
The Super Kings being the runners-up of the IPL were among the first sides to secure a berth for the event.However the tournament was cancelled due to 2008 Mumbai Attacks and Chennai Super Kings along with Rajasthan Royals recieved $1.3 million as compensation.
2009 Season
Main article: 2009 Champions League Twenty20
The Chennai Super Kings did not qualify for the 2009 Champions League Twenty20 as they could not make it to the final in the 2009 Indian Premier League.The top 3 sides, Deccan Chargers,Bangalore Royal Challengers and Delhi Daredevils qualified for the league.
2010 Season
Main article: 2010 Champions League Twenty20
On account of emerging as the Champions of the 2010 Indian Premier League, Super Kings along with Mumbai Indians and Royal Challengers made it to the 2010 Champions League Twenty20 that was held at South Africa.
They topped Group A with 6 points(3 Wins and 1 Tie) to qualify for the semi-finals where they had to face Royal Challengers at Kingsmead, Durban.After a comprehensive victory of 52 runs by (D/L) method against the Challengers, The Super Kings played their first CLT20 final atJohannesburg.They won against the Chevrolet Warriors by 8 wickets becoming the first IPL side to win the CLT20.
Group Stage
________________________________________
11 September
17:30 D/N
Scorecard
Chennai Super Kings
151/4 (20 overs) v Central Stags
94 (18.1 overs) Chennai Super Kings won by 57 runs
Sahara Stadium Kingsmead,Durban
Umpires: Marais Erasmus (SA) and Paul Reiffel (Aus)
Player of the match:Subramaniam Badrinath (CSK)
Subramaniam Badrinath 52*(42)
Doug Bracewell 2/28 (4 overs) Doug Bracewell 30 (28)
Lakshmipathy Balaji 3/20 (4 overs)
Chennai Super Kings won the toss and elected to bat.
________________________________________
15 September
17:30 D/N
Scorecard
Chennai Super Kings
200/3 (20 overs) v Wayamba Elevens
103 (17.1 overs) Chennai Super Kings won by 97 runs
Supersport Park, Centurion
Umpires: Marais Erasmus (SA) and Amish Saheba (Ind)
Player of the match: Suresh Raina (CSK)
Suresh Raina 87 (44)
Chanaka Welegedara 2/47 (4 overs) Shalika Karunanayake 25 (31)
Ravichandran Ashwin 4/18 (4 overs)
Wayamba won the toss and elected to field.
________________________________________
18 September
17:30 D/N
Scorecard
Chennai Super Kings
162/6 (20 overs) v Victorian Bushrangers
162 (20 overs) Scores level; Victorian Bushrangers won bySuper Over
St George's Park, Port Elizabeth
Umpires: Asad Rauf (Pak) andMarais Erasmus (SA)
Player of the match: Aaron Finch (VIC)
Murali Vijay 73 (53)
John Hastings 2/22 (4 overs) David Hussey 51 (45)
Suresh Raina 4/26 (4 overs)
Chennai Super Kings won the toss and elected to bat.
Match tied,Bushrangers win by Super Over
[hide]Super Over
Delivery Victorian Bushrangers
Chennai Super Kings
Bowler Batsman Runs Bowler Batsman Runs
1 Ravichandran Ashwin
Aaron Finch
1 Clint McKay
Suresh Raina
1
2 Ravichandran Ashwin
David Hussey
6 Clint McKay
Murali Vijay
1
3 Ravichandran Ashwin
David Hussey 2 Clint McKay
Suresh Raina 2
4 Ravichandran Ashwin
David Hussey 2 Clint McKay
Suresh Raina 6
5 Ravichandran Ashwin
David Hussey 6 Clint McKay
Suresh Raina 2
6 Ravichandran Ashwin
David Hussey 6 Clint McKay
Murali Vijay 1
Total 23 Total 13
________________________________________
22 September
17:30 D/N
Scorecard
Chennai Super Kings
136/6 (20 overs) v Warriors
126/8 (20 overs) Chennai Super Kings won by 10 runs
St George's Park, Port Elizabeth
Umpires: Brian Jerling (SA) ansRudi Koertzen (SA)
Player of the match: Michael Hussey (CSK)
Michael Hussey 50 (39)
Justin Kreusch 3/19 (4 overs) Davey Jacobs 32 (31)
Ravichandran Ashwin 3/24 (4 overs)
Chennai Super Kings won the toss and elected to bat.
Semi-final
24 September
17:30 D/N
Scorecard
Chennai Super Kings
174/4 (17 overs) v Royal Challengers Bangalore
123 (16.3 overs) Chennai Super Kings won by 52 runs (D/L)
Sahara Stadium Kingsmead,Durban
Umpires: Asad Rauf (Pak) andMarais Erasmus (SA)
Player of the match: Suresh Raina (CSK)
Suresh Raina 94* (48)
Vinay Kumar 2/28 (4 Overs) Manish Pandey 52 (44)
Doug Bollinger 3/27 (3 Overs)
Chennai Super Kings won the toss and elected to bat.
Rain reduced the match to 17 overs per side and revised the Royal Challengers Bangalore's target to 176 runs from 17 overs according to the Duckworth–Lewis method.
Final
26 September
17:30 D/N
Scorecard
Warriors
128/6 (20 overs) v Chennai Super Kings
132/2 (19 overs) Chennai Super Kings won by 8 wickets
Wanderers Stadium,Johannesburg
Umpires: Aleem Dar (Pak) andRudi Koertzen (SA)
Player of the match: Murali Vijay(CSK)
Davey Jacobs 34 (21)
Muttiah Muralidharan 3/16 (4 overs) Murali Vijay 58 (53)
Nicky Boje 1/29 (4 overs)
Warriors won the toss and elected to bat.
Fixtures and results
Overall results
Summary of results
Year Matches Wins Losses No Result Success Rate Summary
2008
16 9 7 0 56.25% Runners-Up
2009
15 8 6 1 53.33% Semi-Finalists
2010
16 9 7 0 56.25% Champions
Total 47 26 20 1 55.38%
[edit]2008 season
No
Date
Opponent
Venue
Result
1 19 April Kings XI Punjab
Mohali
Won by 33 runs, MoM –- Michael Hussey – 116* (54)
2 23 April Mumbai Indians
Chennai
Won by 6 runs, MoM –- Matthew Hayden – 81 (46)
3 26 April Kolkata Knight Riders
Chennai
Won by 9 wickets, MoM –- Jacob Oram – 3/32 (4 overs)
4 28 April Royal Challengers Bangalore
Bangalore
Won by 13 runs, MoM –- Mahendra Singh Dhoni – 65 (30)
5 2 May Delhi Daredevils
Chennai
Lost by 8 wickets
6 4 May Rajasthan Royals
Jaipur
Lost by 8 wickets
7 6 May Deccan Chargers
Chennai
Lost by 7 wickets
8 8 May Delhi Daredevils
Delhi
Won by 4 Wickets, MoM –- Mahendra Singh Dhoni – 33 (33)
9 10 May Kings XI Punjab
Chennai
Won by 18 runs, MoM –- Lakshmipathy Balaji – 5/24 (4 overs)
10 14 May Mumbai Indians
Mumbai
Lost by 9 wickets
11 18 May Kolkata Knight Riders
Kolkata
Won by 3 runs (D/L method), MoM –- Makhaya Ntini – 4/21 (4 overs)
12 21 May Royal Challengers Bangalore
Chennai
Lost by 14 runs
13 24 May Rajasthan Royals
Chennai
Lost by 10 runs, MoM –- Albie Morkel – 2/35 (4 overs) and 71 (40)
14 27 May Deccan Chargers
Hyderabad
Won by 7 wickets,MoM –- Suresh Raina – 54* (43)
15 31 May Kings XI Punjab(Semi Final #2) Mumbai
Won by 9 wickets, MoM –- Makhaya Ntini – 2/23 (4 overs)
16 1 June Rajasthan Royals (Final)
Navi Mumbai
Lost by 3 wickets
Chennai Superkings were the Runners-up in the inaugural edition of the IPL
[edit]2009 season
No
Date
Opponent
Venue
Result
1 18 April Mumbai Indians
Cape Town
Lost by 19 runs
2 20 April Royal Challengers Bangalore
Port Elizabeth
Won by 82 runs, MoM - Muralitharan- 3/11 (4 overs)
3 23 April Delhi Daredevils
Durban
Lost by 9 runs
4 25 April Kolkata Knight Riders
Cape Town
Match abandoned due to intermittent rain
5 27 April Deccan Chargers
Durban
Lost by 6 wickets
6 31 April Rajasthan Royals
Pretoria
Won by 38 runs, MoM - Suresh Raina - 98 (55), 1/11 (2 overs), 2 catches
7 2 May Delhi Daredevils
Johannesburg
Won by 18 runs, MoM - Shadab Jakati - 4/24 (4 overs)
8 4 May Deccan Chargers
East London
Won by 78 runs, MoM - M.S.Dhoni58* (37)
9 7 May Kings XI Punjab
Pretoria
Won by 12 runs, MoM - Matthew Hayden 89 (58)
10 9 May Rajasthan Royals
Kimberley
Won by 7 wickets, MoM- Subramaniam Badrinath 59* (41)
11 14 May Royal Challengers Bangalore
Durban
Lost by 2 wickets
12 16 May Mumbai Indians
Port Elizabeth
Won by 7 wickets, MoM- Matthew Hayden 60* (57)
13 18 May Kolkata Knight Riders
Pretoria
Lost by 7 wickets
14 20 May Kings XI Punjab
Durban
Won by 24 runs, MoM - Muralitharan- 2/8 (4 overs)
15 23 May Royal Challengers Bangalore (Semi Final) Johannesburg
Lost by 6 wickets
Chennai Superkings were the Semi-Finalists in the IPL edition 2009
[edit]2010 season
No
Date
Opponent
Venue
Result
1 14 March Deccan Chargers
Chennai
Lost by 31 runs Scorecard
2 16 March Kolkata Knight Riders
Kolkata
Won by 55 runs, MoM- M S Dhoni66* (33) Scorecard
3 19 March Delhi Daredevils
Delhi
Won by 5 wickets, MoM- Matthew Hayden 93 (43) Scorecard
4 21 March Kings XI Punjab
Chennai
Match tied, Lost (In The Superover)Scorecard
5 23 March Royal Challengers Bangalore
Bangalore
Lost by 36 runs Scorecard
6 25 March Mumbai Indians
Mumbai
Lost by 5 wickets Scorecard
7 28 March Rajasthan Royals
Ahmedabad
Lost by 17 runs Scorecard
8 31 March Royal Challengers Bangalore
Chennai
Won by 5 wickets, MoM- Murali Vijay 78 (39) Scorecard
9 3 April Rajasthan Royals
Chennai
Won by 23 runs, MoM- Murali Vijay 127 (56) Scorecard
10 6 April Mumbai Indians
Chennai
Won by 24 runs, MoM- Suresh Raina - 23 (18), 1/12 (2.3 overs)Scorecard
11 10 April Deccan Chargers
Nagpur
Lost by 6 wickets Scorecard
12 13 April Kolkata Knight Riders
Chennai
Won by 9 Wickets, MoM- Ravichandran Ashwin - 3/16 (4 overs)Scorecard
13 15 April Delhi Daredevils
Chennai
Lost by 6 wickets Scorecard
14 18 April Kings XI Punjab
Dharamsala
Won by 6 Wickets, MoM- M S Dhoni 54* (29) Scorecard
15 22 April Deccan Chargers (Semi Final #2) Navi Mumbai
Won by 38 runs, MoM- Doug Bollinger - 4/13 (4 overs) Scorecard
16 25 April Mumbai Indians(Final)
Navi Mumbai
Won by 22 runs, MoM- Suresh Raina - 57 (35), 1/21 Scorecard
Total Overall Record 9-7, Chennai Super Kings Won the IPL 2010
Cricket academy in Chennai
Matthew Hayden has planned to set up a youth academy in Chennai and wants to take the help of Rahul Dravid and his Super Kings coach Stephen Fleming in the venture.
Hayden said he had decided to give back to the city where he had practised playing on turning tracks ten years ago on Australia's 2000-01 tour to India. "About a decade back, when I came here to practise on turning tracks, I told myself standing in an empty Chepauk stadium that I would score a century for Australia one day," Hayden told the Times of India. "I did that, and now this is a way of giving something back to the city from where I have got so much." [3]
Financial worth
The Economic Times commissioned UK-based Brand Finance to carry out brand evaluation of the IPL and also each of the eight franchise teams (that will increase to 10 in 2011).
Chennai Super Kings, has been rated as this year’s “most valuable team” in Indian Premier League cricket with a brand value of USD 48.4 Million (app 224 Crores).[4] which is 2.4 million more than Kolkata Knight Riders whose brand value stood at 46 Million.
New stadium
A new stadium will come up at a Chennai suburb in addition to the famous Chepauk Ground located in the heart of the city. The new stadium, located at Karunkuzhipallam, about 25 km from Chennai, on a 50-acre (200,000 m2) plot on the IT corridor, is being built as the present lease of the Chepauk stadium expires in 2015. The new stadium is expected to cost over 100 crore. The TNCA would get 50 per cent subsidy from the Board of Control for Cricket in India. which may then be the home ground for Chennai Super Kings [5]
Trivia
2008 Indian Premier League
Runners-Up Of The Tournament
Fair Play Awards Winner
Highest Total Of The Tournament(240/5)
2008 CLT20 participant
Most Expensive Player Of The Tournament(Ms Dhoni)
2nd Tournament Centurion(Michael Hussey)
1st Tournament hat-trick(Lakshmipaty Balaji)
3rd Tournament hat-trick(Makhaya Ntini)
2009 Indian Premier League
Semi-finalists Of The Tournament
Most Expensive Player Of The Tournament(Andrew Flintoff)
Orange Cap Player Of The Tournament(Matthew Hayden)
2010 Indian Premier League
CHAMPIONS of the tournament
Fair Play Awards Winner
Highest Total Of The Tournament(246/5)
2010 CLT20 participant & CHAMPIONS
3rd Tournament Centurion(Murali Vijay)
IPL AWARDS:Best Fielder(Suresh Raina)
IPL AWARDS:Most Economical Bowler(Ravichndran Ashwin)
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